新編大學英語第二版4答案

Ⅰ 新編大學英語第二版4的課內閱讀翻譯 要6~9單元的

Unit 6
風險與你
1 在說不定的某個時候，我們大家都曾充當過疑病症患者的角色,只憑一些輕微的症狀便懷疑自己得了某種可怕的病。有的人只要一聽說一種新的疾病，就會去檢查，看自己是否可能患了這種病。然而，對疾病的恐懼並非我們唯一的恐懼。同樣，患病的危險也並非我們唯一會遇上的危險。現代生活中充滿了各種各樣的威脅，諸如對我們生命的威脅，對我們平和心境的威脅，對我們家人的威脅，對我們未來的威脅。從而產生了好些問題，我們不得不問自己：我買的食品安全嗎？給孩子們的玩具會傷害他們嗎？我們家的人是不是不該吃熏肉？我度假時會不會遭搶劫？我們的疑慮就無休止地增加。
2 對生活中風險的擔憂與疑病症有相似之處；二者的恐懼或憂慮皆起因於信息不全面。但二者之間也存在一個明顯的差別。疑病症患者通常可以求助於醫生，以便澄清疑慮——要麼你得了你所懷疑的疾病，要麼你沒得。但當涉及到其它形式的風險時，事情就要困難得多，因為對許多風險來說，情況並不那麼簡單。
3 風險幾乎總是一個可能性的問題而無確定性可言。你也許會問：「我該不該系安全帶？」如果你坐的車要與其它車正面相撞，那當然該系安全帶。倘若你的車側面被撞，結果你被困在車里，又因安全帶裝置遭破壞而無法掙脫，那怎麼辦呢？這是否意味著你該再花些錢在車內安一個保險氣袋呢？同樣，在正面相撞的情況下，保險氣袋完全可以救你一命。但是，萬一正當你在高速公路上開車時，保險氣袋突然意外充氣膨脹，從而導致了本來絕不會發生的事故，那又該如何是好？
4 上面說的這一切，只是從另一角度說明我們所做的事沒有一件是百分之百安全的。有些風險——常常是潛在的重大風險——與我們的每個業余愛好、所做的每項工作、所吃的每種食物有關，換句話說，與所進行的任何活動有關。但我們又不能，也不該因危險存在於我們將要做的每件事，而變成戰戰兢兢的神經症患者。有些活動是比其它活動更危險。關鍵在於要讓自己了解相應的風險，然後相機行事。
5 例如，兩車相撞時，大車總的說來要比小車安全些。可究竟能安全多少呢？答案是這樣：在一起嚴重的車禍中坐小車喪生的可能性是坐大車的兩倍左右。然而，大車通常比小車貴（並且消耗更多的汽油，由此給環境帶來了更大的風險！）。那麼我們該怎樣確定什麼時候值得為降低風險增加花費呢？例如，避免風險最保險的做法也許是去買一輛坦克或裝甲車，從而把撞車時死亡或受傷的風險降到最小。然而，即便你買得起，這筆額外的費用以及忍受坦克或裝甲車所帶來的不便是否值得呢？
6 在我們尚不知所涉及的風險程度之前，我們還無法回答這些問題。那麼，我們該如何去衡量風險程度呢？有些人似乎認為答案只不過是一個簡單的數字。例如，我們知道每年大約有25,000 人死於車禍。相比之下，每年只有大約300人死於礦山事故和災難。這難道就意味著乘坐汽車要比采礦危險得多嗎？未必。事實是，在美國每年大約有兩億人經常性地以車代步；而大概只有70萬人從事采礦作業。我們評估一種風險時，所需要的有關數字是一個比率或分數。該分數的分子告訴我們在某個特定時期由於從事某種特定活動而喪生或受傷的人數；其分母告訴我們在這一時期從事這種活動的總人數。這樣，所有的風險程度都是由比率或分數表示，其大小介於0（無風險）到1（完全風險）之間。
7 通過把所有風險都簡化為這種比率或分數，我們便可以開始比較不同種類的風險，如比較采礦與乘坐汽車。這個比率越大，也就是說它越接近1，那麼有關活動的風險就越大。在剛才討論的例子中，我們可以用每一活動中死亡的人數除以參與該活動的總人數，從而找出汽車旅行與採煤的相對安全性。此處，我們可以很清楚地看到，乘坐汽車旅行的風險是每一萬人中大約有一人喪生；而就采礦而言，其危險程度是每一萬礦工中大約有四人死亡。所以，盡管在車禍中喪生的人遠比采礦要多，其實後者的風險是前者的四倍。這些比率使我們能夠對毫不相乾的活動或情形的危險性加以比較，即便差別如蘋果與橘子那樣大也能比較。如果你反對冒險，你就會選擇風險比率較小的活動。如果你無所畏懼，那麼你往往會對高比率不太在乎，除非它們大得令人難以承受。
8 我們一旦明白了風險是永遠無法從任何情況中完全去除的，因而就沒有絕對安全的事，我們也就會明白問題的關鍵不是要徹底避免風險，而是要理智地管理風險。風險管理需要兩大要素：常識以及與我們可能要承擔的風險的性質和程度相關的信息。
unit 7
我們這些教師對於在你們身上取得的教育成就一點都不感到自豪。
我們培養你們去適應的是一個根本不存在的世界——事實上也是不可能存在的。
在這里度過的四年時間里，你們一直以為失敗是不會留下任何記錄的。
要是學得不好，一個最省事的辦法就是中途退出（不修這門課），在布朗大學你們學會了這一點。
但是，從現在開始，在你們要涉足的世界裡，失敗是要給你留下疤痕的。
知難而退也會使你變成另一個人。走出布朗，知難而退的人絕不是英雄。
你們可以跟我們爭辯，說服我們為什麼你們的錯誤不是錯誤，為什麼平庸的作業是優秀的，為什麼你們會對普普通通並不出色的課堂報告感到驕傲。
回想一下，畢竟你們中的大多數人在你們所學的大部分課程中都得了高分。
因此，在這里分數並不能作為區分優秀學生與學業平平的學生的依據。
但是，今後，在你們所要去的世界裡，你們最好不要為自己的錯誤辯護，而應該從中吸取教訓。
假如你們要求得到你們不該得到的表揚，詆毀那些不給你們表揚的人，這是不明智的做法。
多年來，我們創造了一個完全寬容的世界。這里所要求於你們的僅僅是一點微不足道的努力。
當你們沒有按約定的時間赴約時，我們就再約時間。當你們沒有按期交作業時，我們裝作不在乎。
更糟糕的是，當你們的言談枯燥無味時，我們卻裝作你們說的是重要的事情；當你們喋喋不休、不知所雲時，我們認真傾聽，似乎你們說的東西事關重大；
當你們把根本沒有花心思寫的作業扔到我們桌上時，我們不僅拜讀，甚至批改給評語，好像值得為你們這樣做似的。
當你們犯傻時，我們裝作你們聰明過人；當你們老生常談、毫無想像力、平平淡淡時，我們卻裝作像在聽什麼美妙絕倫的新鮮事情一樣；
當你們要不勞而獲時，我們拱手奉上。所有這一切究竟是為了什麼？
對這一切盡管你們可以想入非非，但我們決不是因為想要討你們的歡心，而是因為我們不想讓你們來啰唆。一個簡單的辦法就是作假：微笑，讓你們輕輕鬆鬆都得B。
在這一類的演說中人們往往習慣於引用，在此讓我來引用一個你們從來沒有聽說過的人的話，這個人是拉特格斯大學的卡特•A.丹尼爾教授。
他說：「大學毀了你們，讓你們閱讀那些不值得一讀的論文，聽那些不值得一聽的評論，甚至要去尊重那些無所事事、孤陋寡聞、極不文明的人。
為了教育，我們過去不得不這樣做，但是今後不會有人再這樣做了。
在過去的50年中，大學使你們喪失了得到充分培養的機會。
由於大學成了一個輕松、自由、包容、體貼、舒適、充滿樂趣、好玩的地方，它沒有對你們盡到責任。但願你們今後好運。」
這就是為什麼，在今天進行畢業典禮之際，我們沒有任何可引以自豪的東西。
哦，對了，還有一點。盡量不要像對待我們那樣去對待你們的同事和老闆。
我的意思是，當他們把你們想要但不是你們應得的東西給了你們時，要善待他們，不要侮辱他們，不要在他們身上重演你們與父母之間的那種糟糕的關系。
這一切，我們也都忍受了。
正如我剛才所說的，這不是為了討你們的歡心。
有一些年輕人只能在同齡人的眼中找到自我，是一些愚昧無知的人，竟然膚淺到以為教授們關心的不是教育，而是自己的人緣。實際上，很少有教授在乎這類年輕人是否喜歡他們。
我們容忍這一切，只是為了擺脫你們。摒棄我們在教學中給你們造成的這些假象，投身到真實的生活中去吧。

unit 8
拉里•多希博士有兩個古董鍾。「一個走得快，一個走得慢」多希博士說。「它們提醒我，生活不是由時鍾控制的，而且我能自己選擇按什麼樣的時間生活。」
多希博士研究時間生物學，是這門新興學科的開拓者。該學科研究的是時間與生活是如何相互影響的。多希博士認為，一個人如何看待時間可能是生死攸關的事。
他說，在我們社會中最常見的一種疾病是「時間病」，就是由於時間造成的壓力和緊迫性而引起的焦慮和緊張。
這些症狀會導致心臟病和中風，這是我們最大的兩種死因。
多希發現,採用一些簡單的方法去改變人們對時間的看法，上述疾病和其他一些因緊張而誘發的疾病常常可以得到成功的治療。
多希博士注意到，有相當多的病人雖然在住院期間並沒有任何日程安排，但仍堅持要帶手錶，於是就對時間與健康之間的關系產生了興趣。
這些人都是「時間癮君子」。他們從孩提時代起就受到這樣的教育：要按社會的時鍾安排自己的生活。因此一旦沒有了計時器所給予的安全感，就會茫然若失。
於是乎時間就統治了我們的生活。
時間就是金錢，應該節省，應該理智地花，不要浪費或者丟失。
幾乎所有生活在我們這個世界上的生物，都擁有與大自然節奏同步的生物鍾。
蟹能感知潮水什麼時候要變化。
老鼠會在夜幕降臨時醒來。
松鼠知道什麼時候該為漫長的冬眠做准備。
這些生物鍾並不像自動機械裝置那麼精確，卻能適應環境的變化。
對大多數生物來說，光是最強有力的同步指示儀。
但人類還有另一個強有力的同步指示儀：周圍的人。
根據在德國進行的開拓性研究報告，當人們被分成小組，一起置身於與光、溫度、濕度等外部時間提示因素相隔絕的環境時，他們自身內部復雜的時間節奏無法（與外部因素）同步了；但他們的生物鍾隨後又恢復了相互間一致的同步節奏。
就連他們的體溫也一起上升或下降——這表明，每個人體內的一些微妙的生物化學變化現在也都同步了。
這些實驗也許揭示了一種神秘力量，一種把個人改變為群體（團隊、異教或烏合之眾）成員的神秘力量。
人的頭腦能以各種各樣的方式改變時間的節奏。那些從死亡的邊緣搶救過來的人常常回憶說, 在那一瞬間他們整個一生的生活經歷會在他們面前重新閃現。
那些經歷過嚴重事故的人常描述說，在事故發生的過程中，一切都以慢動作的形式進行；
這顯然是人腦中內置有逃生工具，也就是一種能力，它能把人對外部世界的感知速度提高到正常狀態下的數倍，從而「減慢」了世界運行的速度，使當事人有「時間」來思考避免災難的對策。
由於我們一生下來就被灌輸了社會所遵循的時間，於是我們就以為這是任何人在任何地方不管怎麼樣都必須共同遵守的。
但不同的文化對時間的認識存在著差異。
在北美和歐洲北部的一些工業化國家，生活安排得很緊湊。
讓別人等候是令人皺眉頭的。
但在歐洲南部及拉丁美洲說西班牙語和葡萄牙語的國家裡，人比時間表更重要，故在約會時會把開始的時間定得比較靈活。
每一種時間觀都各有優缺點。但其代價可能會很高。當我們體內的自然節奏與時鍾時間之間的同步關系被打亂時，緊張感便會隨之而生。
在時鍾時間的嚴格控制下，現在西方工業化社會發現心臟病和其他一些相關疾病是導致死亡的主要原因。
但是，多希博士認為，這樣的「時間病」是可以通過改變我們對時間的看法而得到治療和預防的。
他能採用一些簡單的手段來改變和主宰自己的時間，這些手段你我也可以採用。
1）擺脫時鍾對你生活的控制。
別再戴手錶。當我們打破了看鍾表的習慣時，時間便不再讓你我如此時時關注了。
2）確立你自己的內部時間感。
為了說明時間是相對的，愛因斯坦曾經說，對於一個坐在滾燙的火爐上的人來說，兩分鍾的時間給人的感覺就像兩小時；而對一個身邊有靚麗女子陪伴的青年男子來說，兩小時就像兩分鍾一樣。
3）發揮你自身的能力去改變時間。
我們都天生具有使自己放鬆的能力。
大多數人能通過排除雜念和控制呼吸的方法做到這一點。例如，每次呼氣時都想數字「1」。
幾分鍾內，就能使自己非常平靜。
4）使自己與大自然同步。
耐心地看看日落，或者看一朵從頭頂的天空慢慢飄過的雲。記住，有一種時間比人類用鍾表創造出來的時間要古老得多。
我們創造了機械時間，令我們的社會隨著它運轉，我們有自由去選擇究竟是做它的奴隸還是做它的主人。
2. relearn再學習 regain收回，重新獲得 redo 重做，再做 rewrite重寫，改寫
rearrange重新整理 reclaim要求歸還，收回 remodel重新塑造，改變 replace取代
rephrase重新措辭 rejoin 再結合，在加入 reform 改革 readjust 重新調整
reunited（使）再結合 rebroadcast 轉播，重播 reread 再讀 review 復習
沒找到第九單元
看看是這些嗎 ：）

Ⅱ 外研社新編大學英語第四版課後答案

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14) hurried 15) warrant 16) strange Unit3 1. Understanding the Organization of the Text 1) Introction (para 1) It has been proven repeatedly that the various types of behavior, emotions, and interests that constitute being masculine and feminine are patterned by both heredity and culture. 2) There is a cultural bias in ecation that favors boys over girls. (para. 2-4) Supporting evidence A. Teachers called on males in class far more than on female students. (para 2) i) Its consequence: This has a tremendous impact on the learning process. ii) The reason for this: Active classroom participants develop more positive attitudes and go on to higher achievement. iii) Two examples: a. In many of the former all-women』 colleges, the boys were taking over the class-room discussions and active participation by women students had diminished noticeably. b. A similar subordination of female to male students has also been observed in law and medical school classrooms in recent years. B. Teachers assigned boys and girls different tasks according to stereotyped gender roles. (para. 3) i) Its consequence: This prevented girls from participating as actively as boys in class. ii) An example: A teacher had the little boys perform the scientific experiment while the girls were given the task of putting the materials away. C. Gender-biased ecation is also reflected in the typical American teacher』 assumption. (para 4) i) The assumption: Boys will do better in the hard, masculine subjects of math and science while girls are expected to have better verbal and reading skills. ii) Three examples: a. American boys do develop reading problems, while girls, who are superior to boys in math up to the age of nine, fall behind from then on. b. In Germany, all studies are considered masculine and it is girls who develop reading problems.
c. In Japan, where early ecation appears to be nonsexist, both girls and boys do equally well in reading. 3) The ecational bias begins at home. (para 5) A. Supporting evidence: i) Boy preschoolers were permitted to go away from home in a much wider area than girl preschoolers. ii) Boys were encouraged to develop intellectual curiosity and physical skills, while girls are filled with fears of the world outside the home and with the desire to be approved of for their goodness and obedience to rules. B. The consequence when these lessons carry over from the home to the classroom: Girls are generally observed to be more dependent on the teacher, more concerned with the form and neatness of their work than its content, and more anxious about being right in their answers than in being intellectually independent, analytical, or original. C. Conclusion: Through the ecational process that occupies most of the child』s waking hours, society reinforces its established values and turns out each sex in its traditional and expected mold. Vocabulary 1. 1) genetic 2) assign 3) noticeably 4) approved 5) Bias 6) deprived 7) constituted 8) participation 9) unintentional 10) postgraate 3. 1) C 2) D 3) A 4) E 5) B 6) C 7) F 8) B unit4 Reading Comprehension 1. 1) Introction(para 1) It is introced in the article how teachers and parents can encourage creativity in children. 2) An important strategy for parents and teachers to follow (para. 2-3) A. The strategy: To encourage children to spend time thinking and developing new ideas. B. The significance for adopting the strategy: If children can be taught to think creatively, they will be better able to function in tomorrow』s society. 3) The definition of creativity (para. 4-5) A. Who successful students and alts are: Those who can find a number of ways to approach problems.
B. What creative people can do: They can use what they have to proce original ideas that are good for something. 4) A big problem in school (para. 6) The problem: Children can obtain and give back information, but can』t figure out ways to apply what they know in new situations. 5) A new approach to teaching (para 7) A. The approach: Combining the basics with the activities where students must use their imaginations. B. How to do so: By asking questions and meanwhile praising their ideas and new thoughts. C. How to facilitate the process: To create an atmosphere in which there is no risk in being creative-- a place where wild ideas are honored and valued, never scorned or dismissed. 6) Things parents can do at home to encourage creativity (para. 8-10) A. To involve children in decision making. B. To help children to understand the consequences of various decisions. C. To encourage them to talk out loud about things they are doing. The reason for doing so: Talking out loud improves language skills and thinking skills. D. To show a sense of humor. The reason for doing so: Children can see creativity in its purest form. E. To give children choices from their earliest age. Examples: a. When they are very young, let them choose between two food items for lunch. b. B. When they grow older, let them decide how to use their time or spend their money. Vocabulary 3. 1) dismiss 2) consequences 3) promoting 4) applies 5) vital 6) scorned
7) conventional 8) original 4. 1) consciously 2) innovative 3) unconsciously 4) determined 5) Imagination 6) aware 7) control 8) created 9) extension 10) technique 11) vulnerable 12) unfolding 13) joyful 14) gain 15) Apply Unit5 新編大學英語第二版第四冊第五課練習答案 Understanding the organization of the text 1) Introction (para. 1) Athletes are chosen to be role models, and they can choose only to be good or bad ones. 2) Athletes should be role models. (para. 2-5) The author』s arguments: A. Athletes should not refuse the responsibility of being a role model while accepting all the glory and the money that comes with being a famous athlete. (para. 2) B. I try to be a positive role model, but that doesn』t mean I am perfect. (para. 3) C. Qualities of a positive role model: (para. 4) a. He influences people』s lives in a positive way. b. He gives of himself in time or money to help those who look up to him. c. He displays the values like honesty and determination. D. Athletes cannot take the place of parents, but can help reinforce what parents try to teach their children. (para. 5) 3) People sometimes expect so much that some athletes don』t want to be role modes. (para. 6-7) A. Sometimes people put athletes on a pedestal. Example: I have had parents in Utah put my picture on the wall beside Jesus Christ. (para. 6) B. Constantly being watched by the public can be hard to tolerate at time
s. Example: 1: Negative publicity Michael Jordan received about gambling. 2. Ever since I played on the Dream Team, I can』t go anywhere without being the center of attention and I can』t even buy a motorcycle I really want. (para. 7) 4) Conclusion (para 8-9) The good things about being a role model outweigh the bad. A. It』s a great feeling to think you are part of the reason that a id decided to try to be good. B. But parents should remind their kids that there are no perfect human beings. C. Charles Barkley is a good role model. Vocabulary 2. 1) is bound to 2) follow their lead 3) goes too far/is going too far 4) take the place of 5) dropped out 6) have a fit 7) measure up to 8) look up to 9) Let』s face it 10) you name it 3. 1) outgrown 2) outdo 3) outwitted 4) outweigh 5) outlived

Ⅲ 求新編大學英語4Part four的translation practice答案

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Ⅳ 新編大學英語綜合教程4課文翻譯及答案應惠蘭

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Ⅳ 求新編大學英語第二版第4冊視聽說教程1~5單元答案哪裡有

視聽說教程？在附帶的光碟里都有答案的啊。。
綜合教程的答案在配套的手冊里有

Ⅵ 新編大學英語答案

p13
1.I'm tired,I should not have gone to bed so late last night.
2.I don't/didn't know Bob very well,but we go/went out for an occasional drink together.
3.We are supposed to meet her at the train station.
4.You could clearly see people drowning,but/and yet you took no action to save them.
5.Including weekends,there are only twelve more days to buy Christmas presents.
6.Without immediate action,many kinds of wild animals would die from hunger.
P47
1.That songs always reminded her of the night spent in Chicago.
2.There happened to be a policeman on the corner,so I asked him the way.
3.All flights to New York today are delayed because of the bad weather.
4.Whoever is responsible willl have to pay for the damage.
5.I can not find my checkbook ,i must have left it at home.
6.By the time ,the football match was going to start ,the storm had already stopped.
p68
1.A young man came to the check-in counter and asked if his briefcase had been turned in.
2.He looked over my shoulder at the conveyer belt and shouted that he had seen his briefcase going through the opening at the end of the conveyor belt.
3.Unfortunately,his briefcase had already been loaded on one of the flights.
4.I assured him that we would calll him as soon as we found his briefcase.
5.To our great surprise ,the young man said that he had already found his briefcase in his car .
P81
1.You won't get the job unless you have got the experience.
2.Most of my time is spent studying the differences between Chinese and American cultures.
3.The statement/sentence is so clear that it can't cause any misunderstanding.
4.He wishes he could give her more help than what he does now .
5.Put on your coat ,or you will catch a cold .
6.She has added a picture of Picasso to her collection.
7.I am not aware of ever having been here before.
8.You will soon find yourself without any friends at all if you keep on being so rude to everybody.
P103
1.First,you must be aware that feeling nervous is very normal in a strange environment./It is quite normal to feel nervoust in a strange environment.
2.Our thoughts can race a long several times faster than most people speak.
3.In order to get other』 attention, you must learn how to be a good and sympathetic listener.
4.One of the essential points is that you should try to broaden your horizens.
5.The sense of humor is of use/help.Telling a joke about yourself sometimes can lighten the conversation.
6.Only when you are willing to talk and listen attentively,can/will you succeed in making friends with the people around you.
P117
1.It』s far too hot in the room,open the window,please!
2.The noise woke us up in the middle of the night.
3.he should have been angry at what I said.It was nothing more than a joke.
4.We invited all our friends to the picnic but it rained and only five of them showed up.
5.She views marriage as a serious matter.
6.To my disappointment ,the movie didn』t live up to my expectations.
P153
1.I used to go to the cinema/movies a lot,but I neer have the time now.
2.The two workers cooperated with each other to fix the broken pipe.
3.this is a cruel practice which should be stopped immediately.
4.What aspect of your job/work is(the)most difficult,and what aspect is(the)most rewarding?
5.Some people think he is rude,but that』s not the case.
6.I』ll help as much as I can,but there is a limit to what I can do.
P190
1. Her hard work resulted in a big bonus for her.
2. Children were watching the planes take off and load.
3. As soon as I』m on board a ship I always feel sick.
4. A total of 20000 people visited the museum on the first day when it was open to the public.
5. The committee consists of scientists and engineers.
6. I wouldn』t dare to go home with the job unfinished.
P221
1. We are considering selling the house.
2. I suggest he wait a while before he makes an decisions.
3. John is very likely to come to the party tomorrow.
4. We』d like to know the reason why she didn』t accept the job.
5. You shouldn』t have gone back t the burning building,you might have been badly/seriously burnt.
6. It/The thought had never crossed my mind that there might have be a problem.
P257
1. World warⅡtook place in 1945.
2. My grandfather drinks a great deal.
3. He was still working by the age of 65.
4. The teacher knows all his students by name.
5. The police have finally succeeded in solving the mystery.
6. He likes all kinds of eports,but most of all,basketball.
7. Talking on the phone is different from talking face to face.
8. They fell in love with each other because they had common interests.
P291
1. The topic of the speech is announced a week in advance,but the name of the apeaker ia not.
2. It seemed incredible that some students still played football before the exams.
3. Mr.Auden is a happy man who derives pleasure from helping others.
4. Two Americans shared last year』s Nobel Prize for Medicine.
5. First of all I』d like to welcome you to the meeting.
6. I』m not accustomed to such luxury.It』s a waste of money.
7. The results of the exam will be put up on Friday afternoon.
8. Some cruel experiments on animals are carried out in the name of science.
P330
1. The best way to lose weight is to avoid eating fatty foods.
2. One of the main causes of hunger used to be lack of transportation.
3. Wasteful packaging will add to the price of food/food price.
4. Economic reform would not be successful without the development of agriculture.
5. The farmers will grow more cash crops next year instead of grains.
6. At present,there are still places in the world where farmers make use of animal labor.

Ⅶ 新編大學英語視聽說4的答案

附帶光碟里就有答案啊、、、

Ⅷ 高分求新編大學英語 第4冊 視聽說教程原文和答案

Text
Do you view work as a burden or an opportunity? Are you the kind of person who looks for ways to save your energy or the kind that finds spending your energy satisfying? Why do people like to complain about work? Find the answers to question like these in the following essay.

WHY PEOPLE WORK

Leonard R. Sayles
Jobs and work do much more than most of us realize to provide happiness sand contentment. We're all used to thinking that work provides the material things of life -- the goods and services that make possible our modern civilization. But we are much less conscious of the extent to which work provides the more intangible, but more crucial, psychological well-being that can make the difference between a full and an empty life.
Historically, work has been associated with slavery and sin and punishment. And in our own day we are used to hearing the traditional complaints: "I can't wait for my vacation," "I wish I could stay home today," "My boss treats me poorly," "I've got too much work to do and not enough time to do it." Against this background, it may well come as a surprise to learn that not only psychologists but other behavioral scientists have come to accept the positive contribution of work to the indivial's happiness and sense of personal achievement. Work is more than a necessity for most human beings; it is the focus of their lives, the source of their identity and creativity.
Rather than a punishment or a burden, work is the opportunity to realize one's potential. Many psychiatrists heading mental health clinics have observed its healing effect. A good many patients who feel depressed in clinics gain renewed self-confidence when gainfully employed and lose some, if not all, of their most acute symptoms. Increasingly, institutions dealing with mental health problems are establishing workshops wherein those too sick to get a job in "outside" instry can work, while every effort is exerted to arrange "real" jobs for those well enough to work outside.
And the reverse is true, too. For large numbers of people, the absence of work is harmful to their health. Retirement often brings many problems surrounding the "What do I do with myself?" question, even though there may be no financial cares. Large numbers of people regularly get headaches and other illnesses on weekends when they don't have their jobs to go to, and must fend for themselves. It has been observed that unemployment, quite aside from exerting financial pressures, brings enormous psychological troubles and that many indivials deteriorate rapidly when jobless.
But why? Why should work be such a significant source of human satisfaction? A good share of the answer rests in the kind of pride that is stimulated by the job, by the activity of accomplishing.

Pride in Accomplishment
The human being longs for a sense of being accomplished, of being able to do things, with his hand, with his mind, with his will. Each of us wants to feel he or she has the ability to do something that is meaningful and that serves as a tribute to our inherent abilities.
It is easiest to see this in the craftsman who lovingly shapes some cheap material into an object that may be either useful or beautiful or both. You can see the carpenter or bricklayer stand aside and admire the proct of his personal skill.
But even where there is no obvious end proct that is solely attributable to one person's skill, researchers have found that employees find pride in accomplishment. Our own research in hospitals suggests that even the houskeeping and laundry staffs take pride in the fact that in their own ways they are helping to cure sick people -- and thus accomplishing good deal.
We're often misled by the complaints surrounding difficult work; deep down most people regard their won capacity to conquer the tough job as the mark of their own unique personality. Complaining is just part of working After all, how else do you know who you are, except as you can demonstrate the ability of your mind to control you limbs ad hands and words? You are, in significant measure, what you can do.
Some are deceived into thinking that people like to store up energy, to rest and save themselves as much as possible. Just the opposite. It is energy expenditure that is satisfying.
Just watch an employee who must deal with countless other people because his or her job is at some central point in a communications network: a salesman at a busy counter, a stock broker on the phone, a customer representative. They will tell you how much skill and experience it takes to answer countless questions and handle various kinds of personalities every hour of the day. Not everyone can interact with such persistence and over long hours, but those who do, pride themselves on a distinctive ability that contributes mightily to the running of the organization.
But work is more than accomplishment and pride in being able to command the job, because except for a few craftsmen and artists most work takes place "out in the world," with an through other people.

Esprit de corps
Perhasps an example will make the point:
I remember viewing a half dozen me in a chair factory whose job it was to bend several pieces of steel and attach them so that a folding chair would result. While there were ten or twelve of these "teams" that worked together, one in particular was known for its perfect coordination and lightning-like efforts. The men knew they were good. They would work spurts for twenty or thirty minutes before taking a break -- to show themselves, bystanders and other groups what it was to be superbly skilled and self-controlled, to be the best in the factory.
When I talked with them, each expressed enormous pride in being a part of the fastest, best team. And this sense of belonging to an accomplished work group is one of the distinctive satisfactions of the world of work.
One further word about work group satisfactions. Unlike may other aspects of life, relationships among people at work tend to be simpler, less complicated, somewhat less emotional. This is not to say there aren't arguments and jealousies, but, on the whole, behavioral research discloses that human relations at work are just easier, perhaps because they are more regular and predictable and thus simpler to adjust to than the sporadic, the more intense and less regular relationships in the community. And the work group also gently pressures its members to learn how to adjust to one another so that the "rough edges" are worked off because people know they must do certain things with and through one another each day.
Beyond the team and the work group, there is the organization, whether it be company or hospital or university. The same pride in being part of a well-coordinated, successful unit is derived from being part of a larger collectivity. Working for a company that is though of as being part of the best in the community can provide employees with both status and self-confidence. They assume, usually with good reason, that others regard them more highly, even envy them, and that they are more competent than the average because of this association with a "winner," a prestigious institution. We in truth bask in the reflected glory of the institution, and we seek ways of asserting our membership so that others will know and can recognize our good fortune.

New Words
contentment
n. happiness; satisfaction 滿足

civilization
n. 文明

intangible
a. that can not be touched or grasped 觸摸不到的

crucial
a. decisive; critical 決定性的，關鍵的

pschological
a. of the soul or mind 心理的

historically
ad. in the course of history, in accordance with or in respect to history

associate
vt. connect or bring together in one's mind 聯想

slavery
n. the system of having slaves; the condition of being a slave 奴隸制度；奴隸身份

sin
n. behavior that is against the principles of morality; an immoral act 罪孽

punishment
n. punishing or being punished 懲罰

complaint
n. complaining; a statement expressing unhappiness, pain, dissatisfaction 抱怨

behavioral
a. of or having to do with behavior 行為的
contribution
n. act of contributing; sth. contributed

necessity
n. sth. that is necessary; the condition of being necessary, needed or unavoidable 必需品；必要性

focus
n. the central point; centre of interest 焦點

creativity
n. the ability to proce new and orignal ideas and things; inventiveness創造性

clinic
n. building or part of a hospital where doctors give specialized medical treatment and advice; a medical institution for special purposes 診所

heal
v. (cause to) become healthy 治癒，癒合，痊癒

depressed
a. sad; low in spirits 精神抑鬱的，情緒沮喪的

depress
vt. make sad, low in spirits

renew
vt. reestablish; give new life and freshness to 使更新

gainfully
ad. profitably

acute
a. severe; strong 嚴重的，急性的

symptom
a. a change in the body's condition that indicates illness 症狀

institution
n. a society, club, college or any organization established for some public or social purpose 公共機構

workshop
n. a room of building which contains tools or machinery for making or repairing things 車間，工場

wherein
conj. in which

exert
vt. use(strength, skill, etc.) 盡力

reverse
n. the opposite; the other way round, the back 相反，背面

absence
n. non-existence; lack

retirement
n. instance of retiring or being retired; condition of being retired 退休

financial
a. relating to money 財政的；金融的

weekend
n. Saturday and Sunday, esp. when considered as a holiday from work

fend
vi. provide(for) 供養；照料

unemployment
n. the state of being unemployed

significant
a. of noticeable importance or effect 重大的

significance n.

satisfaction
n. be state of being satisfied 滿足

satisfactory a.

accomplished
a. skilled, expert 有才藝的；有造詣的

tribute
n. material evidence of one's worth, virtue, etc.

inherent
a. existing as a natural and permanent part or quality of 內在的，生來的

craftsman
n. a highly skilled workman 手藝人，（名）工匠

bicklayer
n. a workman who builds with bricks

attributable
a. that can be attributed 可歸因於……的

attribute
vt. 把……歸因為

housekeeping
n. management of a home and its affairs 家政

staff
n. the group of workers who carry on a job （全體）員工

capacity
n. ability, power; the amount that sth. can hold or proce 能力；容量

tough
a. difficult to do or deal with 艱巨的

unique
n. being the only one of its type 獨特的

limb
n. the leg, arm. or wing of an animal 肢，翼

opposite
n. a person or thing that is entirely different from another 對立面，對立物

countless
a. very many; too many to be counted

broker
n. person who buys and sells for others 經紀人，掮客

stock broker
n. a person who buys and sells stocks and bonds for other for a commission 證券經紀人

representative
n. a person acting in place of one or more others 代表

interact
vi. act on each other 相互作用

persistence
n. the act or fact of keeping on doing sth in spite of difficulty or opposition 堅持

persist vi.

distinctive
a. clearly marking a person or thing as different from other 特殊的；與眾不同的

mightily
ad. with power and strength; greatly

esprit de corps
n. (French) spirit of loyalty and devotion which unites the members of a group or society 團體精神，集體榮譽感

coordination
n. harmonious adjustment or working together 協調

coordinate vt.

lightning
閃電

bystander
n. a person standing near but not taking part in an event or activity; onlooker 旁觀者

superbly
ad. magnificently; first class

aspect
n. one side or view of a subject 方面

relationship
n. a friendship between people; connection 關系

disclose
make known; show by uncovering 揭示

sporadic
a. occurring now and then; occasional 零星發生的,偶爾的

collectivity
n. people collectively, especially as forming a community or state 集體

collective a.

status
n. (high) social or professional position 地位,身份

envy
vt. feel admiration or ill-will toward (sb.) because he has the good fortune one wishes to have 羨慕;妒忌

winner
n. one that wins or seems destined to win or be successful

prestigious
a. having respect that results from the good reputation (of a person, nation, etc.)有聲望的

bask
vi. sit or lie in enjoyable warmth and light (舒適地) 取暖,享受

reflect
vt. throw back (light, heat, sound or image) 反射;反映

assert
vt. demonstrate the existence of; declare forcefully 宣稱,斷言

membership
n. the state of being a member, of a club, society, etc. all the members of a club, society, etc.

Phrases & Expressions
associate with
connect with (often mentally) 把…與…聯系在一起

rather than
instead of

fend for oneself
look after oneself 照料自己，自行謀生

aside from
besides, apart from 除…以外

long for
desire (to have )sth. strongly 渴望

take pride in
fell please and happy because of 為…而感到得意

store up
put away for future use 儲存，儲備

pride oneself on
regard as a special reason for pride or satisfaction 以……自豪

make the/one's point
prove that sth. is true 證明一個論點

in particular
especially

at work
busy at a job; doing work

one the whole
considering everything; in general

work off
get rid of, dispose 除去，清除