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新編大學英語四課文翻譯答案

發布時間: 2024-02-23 03:37:47

❶ 新編大學英語答案

p13
1.I'm tired,I should not have gone to bed so late last night.
2.I don't/didn't know Bob very well,but we go/went out for an occasional drink together.
3.We are supposed to meet her at the train station.
4.You could clearly see people drowning,but/and yet you took no action to save them.
5.Including weekends,there are only twelve more days to buy Christmas presents.
6.Without immediate action,many kinds of wild animals would die from hunger.
P47
1.That songs always reminded her of the night spent in Chicago.
2.There happened to be a policeman on the corner,so I asked him the way.
3.All flights to New York today are delayed because of the bad weather.
4.Whoever is responsible willl have to pay for the damage.
5.I can not find my checkbook ,i must have left it at home.
6.By the time ,the football match was going to start ,the storm had already stopped.
p68
1.A young man came to the check-in counter and asked if his briefcase had been turned in.
2.He looked over my shoulder at the conveyer belt and shouted that he had seen his briefcase going through the opening at the end of the conveyor belt.
3.Unfortunately,his briefcase had already been loaded on one of the flights.
4.I assured him that we would calll him as soon as we found his briefcase.
5.To our great surprise ,the young man said that he had already found his briefcase in his car .
P81
1.You won't get the job unless you have got the experience.
2.Most of my time is spent studying the differences between Chinese and American cultures.
3.The statement/sentence is so clear that it can't cause any misunderstanding.
4.He wishes he could give her more help than what he does now .
5.Put on your coat ,or you will catch a cold .
6.She has added a picture of Picasso to her collection.
7.I am not aware of ever having been here before.
8.You will soon find yourself without any friends at all if you keep on being so rude to everybody.
P103
1.First,you must be aware that feeling nervous is very normal in a strange environment./It is quite normal to feel nervoust in a strange environment.
2.Our thoughts can race a long several times faster than most people speak.
3.In order to get other』 attention, you must learn how to be a good and sympathetic listener.
4.One of the essential points is that you should try to broaden your horizens.
5.The sense of humor is of use/help.Telling a joke about yourself sometimes can lighten the conversation.
6.Only when you are willing to talk and listen attentively,can/will you succeed in making friends with the people around you.
P117
1.It』s far too hot in the room,open the window,please!
2.The noise woke us up in the middle of the night.
3.he should have been angry at what I said.It was nothing more than a joke.
4.We invited all our friends to the picnic but it rained and only five of them showed up.
5.She views marriage as a serious matter.
6.To my disappointment ,the movie didn』t live up to my expectations.
P153
1.I used to go to the cinema/movies a lot,but I neer have the time now.
2.The two workers cooperated with each other to fix the broken pipe.
3.this is a cruel practice which should be stopped immediately.
4.What aspect of your job/work is(the)most difficult,and what aspect is(the)most rewarding?
5.Some people think he is rude,but that』s not the case.
6.I』ll help as much as I can,but there is a limit to what I can do.
P190
1. Her hard work resulted in a big bonus for her.
2. Children were watching the planes take off and load.
3. As soon as I』m on board a ship I always feel sick.
4. A total of 20000 people visited the museum on the first day when it was open to the public.
5. The committee consists of scientists and engineers.
6. I wouldn』t dare to go home with the job unfinished.
P221
1. We are considering selling the house.
2. I suggest he wait a while before he makes an decisions.
3. John is very likely to come to the party tomorrow.
4. We』d like to know the reason why she didn』t accept the job.
5. You shouldn』t have gone back t the burning building,you might have been badly/seriously burnt.
6. It/The thought had never crossed my mind that there might have be a problem.
P257
1. World warⅡtook place in 1945.
2. My grandfather drinks a great deal.
3. He was still working by the age of 65.
4. The teacher knows all his students by name.
5. The police have finally succeeded in solving the mystery.
6. He likes all kinds of eports,but most of all,basketball.
7. Talking on the phone is different from talking face to face.
8. They fell in love with each other because they had common interests.
P291
1. The topic of the speech is announced a week in advance,but the name of the apeaker ia not.
2. It seemed incredible that some students still played football before the exams.
3. Mr.Auden is a happy man who derives pleasure from helping others.
4. Two Americans shared last year』s Nobel Prize for Medicine.
5. First of all I』d like to welcome you to the meeting.
6. I』m not accustomed to such luxury.It』s a waste of money.
7. The results of the exam will be put up on Friday afternoon.
8. Some cruel experiments on animals are carried out in the name of science.
P330
1. The best way to lose weight is to avoid eating fatty foods.
2. One of the main causes of hunger used to be lack of transportation.
3. Wasteful packaging will add to the price of food/food price.
4. Economic reform would not be successful without the development of agriculture.
5. The farmers will grow more cash crops next year instead of grains.
6. At present,there are still places in the world where farmers make use of animal labor.

❷ 求外研社新編大學英語4,134567單元課後after-class reading的2篇課文的翻譯 ,急急急!

哇,我喜歡這樣做
1我在16歲的時候我開始感興趣。我看到一個電視廣告中,兩個人開始拋來回罐冰凍的橙汁在雜耍的模式。
2哇,我喜歡這樣做!我想像著自己鼓掌的觀眾前表演。
3脂肪的機會。即使我知道如何處理,我嚇得半死,站在觀眾面前。但後來發生了一個奇怪的巧合,這種事祈禱讓你覺得這是一個答案,即使你沒有禱告。幾天後,我的哥哥,傑夫,和我拜訪一些朋友當我的年齡的男孩說,「嘿,你應該看看我弟弟學會了做什麼。「他帶我到他哥哥的房間,年長的男孩被顯示傑夫如何兼顧高爾夫球。
4「我也想學,」我說。
5在任何時候我完全被迷住了。雖然我放棄了很多球,我吃驚的是我如何輕松地流行起來。首先,我只是在空中扔一個球從一個手到另一個。然後我試著兩個球,一個從每隻手,讓他們通過在空氣中。
6最後我准備三球。模式很簡單:我兩個高爾夫球在我的右邊,一個在左邊。扔一個球從我的右手在空中,我等待著,直到它到達山頂的弧。然後從我的左手,我扔球,兩個球互相傳遞。一下來之前,我送球,一直在我的右手。我把球扔,來來回回,來回。當我掉了一隻,我從頭開始。晚上我可以10年底前將下降一個球。
7這是一個挑戰,我必須完美的這種能力。第二天,我有三個網球和練習前20將在車庫里,直到我可以放棄一個球。我練習。我想要在電視上那些傢伙一樣好。
8我得到了更好的,我開始添加技巧,扔球,一個經過其他球的頂部,或者其他人,我彈一頭或肘部和仍然保持模式。
9有趣的是,我以為我是所有這些技巧。但是有一天,我在圖書館發現了一本關於雜耍,還有所有的技巧我正在做!基本three-ball模式是一個級聯,雜耍球在一個圓圈是一個淋浴,和扔一個球是一個狂潮。
10我買了一套在俱樂部,和我的父母給我買了一套在環。我進行我的家人和一些朋友,但我從沒想過自己是一個快樂的人。娛樂意味著起床在觀眾面前。不可能的!我不能這樣做。
11然後五年後,當我21歲時,我的母親叫我一邊聖誕節期間的某一天,說:「丹,你想如何處理今年救世軍晚餐嗎?「過去兩年媽媽和她的老闆幫助年度晚宴。
12「將會有其他娛樂,」她急忙補充。「所有你需要做的就是站在禮堂的一側,兼顧在吃飯。」
13個聖誕節前兩天,隨著人們湧入禮堂,我就在那兒,在一個小舞台上在大廳的一側。我很緊張,但不知何故,張力給了我勇氣。我開始做我的技巧,其中包括我最近掌握:在背後雜耍。然後我耍弄的俱樂部,最後一個保齡球和兩個小球。孩子們擁擠在舞台上,笑了。人們鼓掌。
14我突然感到一種喜悅我以前從未經歷過。我是為觀眾表演,他們愛它!
15我一直在家練習。我開始在雪茄盒、刀和火把。當一個叔叔給了我他的獨輪車,我學會騎它,同時兼顧。
16我開始想成為一名職業。我知道我要做的不僅僅是技巧,我不得不說話,開玩笑等等。這就是書說。所以我祈禱。當我在我的家人面前耍弄,我添加了一些笑話。我希望他們在我的家人會幫助我更舒適的在公共場合做同樣的事情。
17我的機會很快就來了。我被要求兼顧火把在波利尼西亞的時裝秀的主題。我光著腳,赤裸上身,穿著還不斷短褲,黑色的條紋在我的臉上。當我正要繼續,我遞給公告的列表。請閱讀這些當你完成你的行動,」儀式的女主人說。太遲了回來。
18我緊張!我把torches-three次!但不希望觀眾知道我是多麼的緊張,我試圖使我的錯誤看起來像行動的一部分。我火把瘋狂地跳舞,叢林的聲音,直到我可以把它們撿起來並恢復我的雜耍。鼓掌的人。他們喜歡我的行動。不知怎的我通過閱讀公告。
19歲以下月我接到一個電話從當地的一所小學的校長。一個老演員曾要求病假。我可以填寫嗎?和包括一個消息嗎?「當然,」我說。
20三周後我正站在幾百急切的孩子。用我的實踐為例,我開始我的信息。當我開始處理,我讓球下降。我拾起來,開始,又掉了一次。
21「這就是就像當你開始,」我說。但是,隨著項目的進展,我開始做更多的技巧,雜耍而騎獨輪車雖然躺在我的背上,讓備份我的腳沒有放棄一個球。
22個四十五分鍾後的表現,我做了我的最後一點建議是孩子們:「如果你想成功,在欺騙或其他東西,你必須繼續努力。你能做到。永不放棄。」

❸ 新編大學英語4課文翻譯-"those college finals"

1那天晚上,我在市中心附近閑坐。風在呼嘯,氣溫很低,這氣氛讓人感到壓抑。我知道,所有這一切讓我想起了什麼,很快我就明白是什麼了:期末考試。
2大學生活最痛苦的時刻莫過於冬天期末考試那一周。這種恐懼刻骨銘心,一生都忘不了——是一種絕望、沮喪,是意識到自己不得不勉強應答一大堆並未掌握的知識,而且一個人的前途如何,就取決於這種勉強的應答。
3我查了一下日歷。果然,西北大學現在正好是學期快結束的時候——沿著我面前這條路走過去就是西北大學。我知道,就在此刻,就在那裡,成千上萬的大學生正埋頭於課本和筆記,使出渾身解數去背那些晦澀難解的事實和數字,其實這些東西跟他們毫無關系。我按捺不住,徑直朝校園走去。在我停下來的第一棟樓里,有一問教室燈火通明。我走了進去。兩個年輕人將資料攤得滿屋子都是。這會兒沒課,只有他們倆。「嘿,伙計,」我說。他們抬起頭,滿眼的痛苦。他們看上去好像三四天沒睡覺似的。
4「怎麼了,年輕人?」我問。
5「請別打擾我們,」其中一個輕聲道。
6「別打擾你們?」我問。
7「期末考試了,」另一人喘著粗氣說。
8我走出教室,開始在校園里悠閑地溜達。男生女生個個神情沮喪,搖搖晃晃地朝圖書館走去。他們有的自言自語,有的抬頭默默祈禱,有的走進樹林,站穩身子,然後繼續往前走。我感覺好極了。我曾經是他們中的一員,但現在我不是了。也許,在這世上,期末考試時,置身大學校園而知道你不必參加考試,可能是世界上最令人興奮的事了。
9那晚大部分時問,我從一棟教學樓逛到另一棟教學樓,看著學生們為第二天的考試做准備。這一切是那麼熟悉。他們圍坐在長桌周圍,前面攤開用螺旋線穿起來的筆記簿,連珠炮似地互相發問。一次次良久的沉默,接著是試探性地回答。咒罵聲不絕於耳,時不時夾雜著哀嘆。他們跺腳,凝視窗外,彷彿隨時會哭出來。他們偶爾也朝我瞥一眼。在平時,他們可能會對我的出現感到好奇,但是,那天晚上,他們的目光呆滯無神,思維也不清晰了。我翻閱著體育版的消息,朝他們眨眨眼。
10如果我當時善心大發,我就會告訴他們現實世界中一個最大的秘密。這是我們所有上過大學的人走出校園後才領悟到的秘密,如果讓大學生領悟了這個秘密,他們就會輕松、平靜。這就是:現實生活中沒有期末考試。
11確實如此。在現實生活中,你不必了解任何事情。沒有任何情況需要你坐在擁擠不堪的教室里,為集中注意力而眯起眼睛,或者一字不漏地背出晦澀、荒唐的具體事實。在現實生活中,你可以把書帶上。同學們,請相信:現實生活是開卷考,如果你忘了什麼,你可以去查閱,或者請教比你聰明的人。很容易,比在大學里容易多了。
12隻有在大學里,你才會遇上像期末考試那樣稀奇古怪、令人恐懼的事情。大學管理者們欺騙學生們,讓他們相信與龐大的殘酷無情的世界裡每天所發生的事情相比,期末考試不過是溫和的前驅。但這並不是事實。如果現實世界確如期末考試那樣荒誕可笑、令人厭煩,你就會看到街上的每位行人都如同在考試那周里的學生一樣焦躁不安、可憐之極。現實並非如此,熬過了大學的期末考試後,一切如履平地。現實生活如同靠慣性滑行。沒有人會要求你說出伊麗莎白時期作品的異同,或者強令你描述布爾戰爭各大戰役的來龍去脈。如果在你工作時真有人過來問你這類問題,那麼他就會馬上被關進某所精神病院。
13我本來可以將這些告訴學生們,我本來可以安慰他們,讓事情變得簡單些。我本來可以請他們和我一起喝杯啤酒,忘了這期末考試周。我本來可以告訴他們:看看(《財富》前500強企業的總經理。你想會有人膽敢問他們的期末考試成績嗎?我本來可以灌輸給他們這類令人寬慰的想法。
14但是我沒有。我為什麼要告訴他們呢?我經歷了許多次期末考試,期末考試讓我幾乎發瘋,現在該輪到他們發瘋了。我看著絕望中的他們,像一個真正心滿意足的人那樣笑了。我在校園里幾乎呆到午夜,然後才悠閑地離開。在幾棟教學樓之間的小徑上,我看見有什麼東西被風吹動,在人行道上翻滾,我跪下將它拾了起來。這是一本藍皮答題冊,是期末考試周恐怖的、令人心驚膽戰的標志。這一定是某個可憐的學生帶出考場後,丟在地上的。我把它插入口袋,機械地笑了笑。校園教學樓里的燈光依然閃爍著,而且會整夜這樣,但是我得回家了。
(採納唄,你給的分也太低了吧,哈哈)

❹ 新編大學英語綜合教程4課文翻譯及答案應惠蘭

你好,很高興為你解答
請發圖
希望能幫到你
求採納
謝謝

❺ 求新編大學英語4 unit4中的close(即第163頁)答案

P a r t T h r e e
FURTHER DEVELOPMENT
Enriching Your word Power
1)C 2)B 3)B 4)A 5)C 6)A 7)A 8)C 9)B 10)A 11)B 12) B
What Do They Stand for?
IQ tests usually measure one』s verbal and mathematical skills.This activity is to measure one』S associative flexibility.The test will give some idea of one』S mental plasticity and,therefore, creativity.
1)26=L of the A (1etters of the alphabet)
2)7=W of the A W (wonders of the ancient world)
3)1001=A N (Arabian nights)
4)12=S ofthe Z (signs ofthe Zodiac)
5)54=C in the D【with the J】 (cards in the deck with the jokers)
6)9=P in the S S (planets in the solar system)
7)88=P K (piano keys)
8)24=H in a D (hours in a day)
9)1l=P on a F T (players on a football team)
10)29=DinFin a L Y (daysinFebruaryin aleap year)
Cloze
1)mean 2)include 3)break 4)invent 5)strike 6)limited 7)able
8)not 9)average 10)reason 1 1)that 12)examining 13)Another 14)play
15)regard 16)sound 17)because 18)disapproved 19)satisfaction 20)but

❻ 求新編大學英語第四冊第七單元課文翻譯。。急。。謝謝

如果您認為我的回答對您有所幫助,就用實際行動來激勵我為更多人更好地服務吧!以下是你需要的翻譯:

Unit 7
PASSAGE I
永遠不會聽到的畢業典禮演說
1 我們這些教師對於在你們身上取得的教育成就一點都不感到自豪。我們培養你們去適
應的是一個根本不存在的世界——事實上也是不可能存在的。在這里度過的四年時間里,
你們一直以為失敗是不會留下任何記錄的。要是學得不好,一個最省事的辦法就是中途退
出(不修這門課),在布朗大學你們學會了這一點。但是,從現在開始,在你們要涉足的世
界里,失敗是要給你留下疤痕的。知難而退也會使你變成另一個人。走出布朗,知難而退
的人絕不是英雄。
2 你們可以跟我們爭辯,說服我們為什麼你們的錯誤不是錯誤,為什麼平庸的作業是優
秀的,為什麼你們會對普普通通並不出色的課堂報告感到驕傲。回想一下,畢竟你們中的
大多數人在你們所學的大部分課程中都得了高分。因此,在這里分數並不能作為區分優秀
學生與學業平平的學生的依據。但是,今後,在你們所要去的世界裡,你們最好不要為自
己的錯誤辯護,而應該從中吸取教訓。假如你們要求得到你們不該得到的表揚,詆毀那些
不給你們表揚的人,這是不明智的做法。
3 多年來,我們創造了一個完全寬容的世界。這里所要求於你們的僅僅是一點微不足道
的努力。當你們沒有按約定的時間赴約時,我們就再約時間。當你們沒有按期交作業時,
我們裝作不在乎。
4 更糟糕的是,當你們的言談枯燥無味時,我們卻裝作你們說的是重要的事情;當你們
喋喋不休、不知所雲時,我們認真傾聽,似乎你們說的東西事關重大;當你們把根本沒有
花心思寫的作業扔到我們桌上時,我們不僅拜讀,甚至批改給評語,好像值得為你們這樣
做似的。當你們犯傻時,我們裝作你們聰明過人;當你們老生常談、毫無想像力、平平淡
淡時,我們卻裝作像在聽什麼美妙絕倫的新鮮事情一樣;當你們要不勞而獲時,我們拱手

奉上。所有這一切究竟是為了什麼?
5 對這一切盡管你們可以想入非非,但我們決不是因為想要討你們的歡心,而是因為我
們不想讓你們來Ⅱ羅唆。一個簡單的辦法就是作假:微笑,讓你們輕輕鬆鬆都得B。
6 在這一類的演說中人們往往習慣於引用,在此讓我來引用一個你們從來沒有聽說過的
人的話,這個人是拉特格斯大學的卡特•A.丹尼爾教授。他說:
「大學毀了你們,讓你們閱讀那些不值得一讀的論文,聽那些不值得一聽的評
論,甚至要去尊重那些無所事事、孤陋寡聞、極不文明的人。為了教育,我們過
去不得不這樣做,但是今後不會有人再這樣做了。在過去的50年中,大學使你們
喪失了得到充分培養的機會。由於大學成了一個輕松、自由、包容、體貼、舒
適、充滿樂趣、好玩的地方,它沒有對你們盡到責任。但願你們今後好運。」
7 這就是為什麼,在今天進行畢業典禮之際,我們沒有任何可引以自豪的東西。
8 哦,對了,還有一點。盡量不要像對待我們那樣去對待你們的同事和老闆。我的意思
是,當他們把你們想要但不是你們應得的東西給了你們時,要善待他們,不要侮辱他們,
不要在他們身上重演你們與父母之間的那種糟糕的關系。這一切,我們也都忍受了。正如
我剛才所說的,這不是為了討你們的歡心。有一些年輕人只能在同齡人的眼中找到自我,
是一些愚昧無知的人,竟然膚淺到以為教授們關心的不是教育,而是自己的人緣。實際
上,很少有教授在乎這類年輕人是否喜歡他們。我們容忍這一切,只是為了擺脫你們。摒
棄我們在教學中給你們造成的這些假象,投身到真實的生活中去吧。

PASSAGE II
大學:一個寬恕一切的世界嗎?
l 在「永遠不會聽到的畢業典禮演說」中,雅各布•諾伊斯納認為,大學經歷使得我們
認為:「失敗不會留下任何記錄」(第一段),而成績是很容易取得的。在諾伊斯納看來,
大學並不是一所很好的著眼於將來生活的預備學校,因為它為一個「根本就不存在的世
界」而培養我們(第一段)。
2 毫無疑問,諾伊斯納在發表這么強烈的論點之前,該對大學生活的實際情況做更進一
步的審視。他完全無視學生們為了學業成功而經受的一切壓力與艱辛。大學生活根本就不
是他所描繪的那樣。
3 大學難道真的像諾伊斯納所說的那樣,沒有讓我們為現實生活作準備嗎?我們所經歷
的一切難道無助於我們了解現實世界嗎?這些問題都是在思考諾伊斯納所說的話時涌現到
我的腦海中的。我認為他完全錯了。對我們許多人來說,大學時代正是我們開始獨立,自
己做重要決定,並對這些決定負責的時代。在大學里,我們必須學會計劃時間(還包括計
劃用錢!),學會容忍(否則,住在一個擁擠的三人間里,我們會無法過下去的)。我們與
來自世界各地的人相識,開闊了我們的視野,使我們彼此加深了解。如果這些對現實世界
是沒用的,那我可不知道什麼才是有用的。 •
4 諾伊斯納認為,在大學里我們所接受的教育使我們認為「失敗不會留下任何記錄」,因
為據稱我們犯了錯誤可以輕而易舉地不受懲罰。我要告訴他的是:要是你考試不及格,你
就不能再考,或者即使老師明知你一輩子都會恨他,他也不會抹去你的成績。要是你中途
放棄了某一門課,下學期你就得多修課。要是你有幾門課的成績很低,就幾乎不可能進入
一個好的研究生院。要是你好幾門課的平均積分點不夠高,那你就得不到學位。期中考
試、期末考試來臨時,沒有人能夠逃避。當學習緊張時,本來刻苦學習的人也得更加努力
學習,因為大學並不像諾伊斯納所認為的那樣,會給失誤提供「省事的」解決辦法(第一
段)。大學不是一個「寬恕一切的世界」,當「最後期限」已過,或者沒有按要求的時間完
成作業時,老師們也絕不會「裝作不在乎」(第三段)。
5 對於我來說,生活在一個擁擠的三人間里,期末考試前只有一天時間看書,繁重的閱
讀任務,論文,還有集中在一個星期里進行的期中考試,這些可不是我心目中的「輕松、
自由、包容、體貼、舒適、充滿樂趣、好玩」(第六段)。

❼ 高分求外研社新編大學英語4,12345678單元課後after-class reading的2篇課文的翻譯

A Long March to Creativity (II)

1 I soon realized that this incident was directly relevant to our assigned tasks in China: to investigate the ways of early childhood ecation (especially in the arts) and, more broadly, to illuminate Chinese attitudes toward creativity. And so before long I began to include this "key-slot" anecdote into my talks to Chinese ecators. I would tell audiences about what had happened and seek their reactions. Some of my Chinese colleagues displayed the same attitude as the attendants at the Jinling Hotel. Since alts know how to place the key in the key slot (they would say), since that is the ultimate purpose of approaching the slot, and since the toddler is neither old nor clever enough to realize the desired action on his own, what possible gain is achieved by having the child flail about? He may well get frustrated and angry certainly not a desirable outcome. Why not show him what to do? He will be happy (those around will be happier), he will learn how to accomplish the task sooner, and then he can proceed to more complex activities, like opening the door or asking for the key.

2 We listened to such explanations sympathetically. We agreed that sometimes it is important to show a child what to do, and that we certainly did not want to frustrate Benjamin. But, as I have said, he was rarely frustrated by his fledgling attempts: "delighted" would be a more appropriate word to describe him. We went on to suggest that many Americans held quite different views about such matters.

3 First of all, we did not much care whether Benjamin succeeded in inserting the key into the slot. He was having a good time and exploring, two activities that did matter to us. But the critical point was that in the process, we were trying to teach Benjamin something: that one can solve a problem effectively by oneself. Such self-reliance is a principal value of child rearing in middle-class America. So long as the child is shown exactly how to do something whether it be placing a key in a key slot, drawing a rooster, or apologizing for a misdeed he is less likely to figure out himself how to accomplish such a task. And, more generally, he is less likely to view life as many Americans do as a series of situations in which one has to learn to think by oneself, to solve problems on one's own, and even to discover new problems for which creative solutions are wanted.

4 In retrospect, it became clear to me that this incident was indeed key and key in more than one sense. It indicated important differences in the ecational and artistic practices in our two countries. Even more to the point, this apparently little episode revealed important issues about ecation, creativity, and art that have interested thinkers around the world.

5 Dating back to the time of the Greeks, as Philip Jackson has pointed out, one can discern two contrasting approaches to ecational issues. One dominant approach is the "mimetic" one, in which the teacher (and "the text") are seen as the unquestioned sources of knowledge. Students are expected to memorize information and then, on subsequent occasions, feed back the information that has been presented to or modeled for them. Opposed to this tradition is a "transformative" approach, in which the teacher is more of a coach, attempting to elicit certain qualities in her students. The teacher engages the student actively in the learning process, asking questions and directing attention to new phenomena, in the hope that the student's understanding will be enhanced. One might say that in the "mimetic" tradition, the cultivation of basic skills is primary; whereas in the "transformative" approach, the stimulation of the child's expressive, creative, and knowing powers is most prized.

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