新编大学英语第二版4答案

Ⅰ 新编大学英语第二版4的课内阅读翻译 要6~9单元的

Unit 6
风险与你
1 在说不定的某个时候，我们大家都曾充当过疑病症患者的角色,只凭一些轻微的症状便怀疑自己得了某种可怕的病。有的人只要一听说一种新的疾病，就会去检查，看自己是否可能患了这种病。然而，对疾病的恐惧并非我们唯一的恐惧。同样，患病的危险也并非我们唯一会遇上的危险。现代生活中充满了各种各样的威胁，诸如对我们生命的威胁，对我们平和心境的威胁，对我们家人的威胁，对我们未来的威胁。从而产生了好些问题，我们不得不问自己：我买的食品安全吗？给孩子们的玩具会伤害他们吗？我们家的人是不是不该吃熏肉？我度假时会不会遭抢劫？我们的疑虑就无休止地增加。
2 对生活中风险的担忧与疑病症有相似之处；二者的恐惧或忧虑皆起因于信息不全面。但二者之间也存在一个明显的差别。疑病症患者通常可以求助于医生，以便澄清疑虑——要么你得了你所怀疑的疾病，要么你没得。但当涉及到其它形式的风险时，事情就要困难得多，因为对许多风险来说，情况并不那么简单。
3 风险几乎总是一个可能性的问题而无确定性可言。你也许会问：“我该不该系安全带？”如果你坐的车要与其它车正面相撞，那当然该系安全带。倘若你的车侧面被撞，结果你被困在车里，又因安全带装置遭破坏而无法挣脱，那怎么办呢？这是否意味着你该再花些钱在车内安一个保险气袋呢？同样，在正面相撞的情况下，保险气袋完全可以救你一命。但是，万一正当你在高速公路上开车时，保险气袋突然意外充气膨胀，从而导致了本来绝不会发生的事故，那又该如何是好？
4 上面说的这一切，只是从另一角度说明我们所做的事没有一件是百分之百安全的。有些风险——常常是潜在的重大风险——与我们的每个业余爱好、所做的每项工作、所吃的每种食物有关，换句话说，与所进行的任何活动有关。但我们又不能，也不该因危险存在于我们将要做的每件事，而变成战战兢兢的神经症患者。有些活动是比其它活动更危险。关键在于要让自己了解相应的风险，然后相机行事。
5 例如，两车相撞时，大车总的说来要比小车安全些。可究竟能安全多少呢？答案是这样：在一起严重的车祸中坐小车丧生的可能性是坐大车的两倍左右。然而，大车通常比小车贵（并且消耗更多的汽油，由此给环境带来了更大的风险！）。那么我们该怎样确定什么时候值得为降低风险增加花费呢？例如，避免风险最保险的做法也许是去买一辆坦克或装甲车，从而把撞车时死亡或受伤的风险降到最小。然而，即便你买得起，这笔额外的费用以及忍受坦克或装甲车所带来的不便是否值得呢？
6 在我们尚不知所涉及的风险程度之前，我们还无法回答这些问题。那么，我们该如何去衡量风险程度呢？有些人似乎认为答案只不过是一个简单的数字。例如，我们知道每年大约有25,000 人死于车祸。相比之下，每年只有大约300人死于矿山事故和灾难。这难道就意味着乘坐汽车要比采矿危险得多吗？未必。事实是，在美国每年大约有两亿人经常性地以车代步；而大概只有70万人从事采矿作业。我们评估一种风险时，所需要的有关数字是一个比率或分数。该分数的分子告诉我们在某个特定时期由于从事某种特定活动而丧生或受伤的人数；其分母告诉我们在这一时期从事这种活动的总人数。这样，所有的风险程度都是由比率或分数表示，其大小介于0（无风险）到1（完全风险）之间。
7 通过把所有风险都简化为这种比率或分数，我们便可以开始比较不同种类的风险，如比较采矿与乘坐汽车。这个比率越大，也就是说它越接近1，那么有关活动的风险就越大。在刚才讨论的例子中，我们可以用每一活动中死亡的人数除以参与该活动的总人数，从而找出汽车旅行与采煤的相对安全性。此处，我们可以很清楚地看到，乘坐汽车旅行的风险是每一万人中大约有一人丧生；而就采矿而言，其危险程度是每一万矿工中大约有四人死亡。所以，尽管在车祸中丧生的人远比采矿要多，其实后者的风险是前者的四倍。这些比率使我们能够对毫不相干的活动或情形的危险性加以比较，即便差别如苹果与橘子那样大也能比较。如果你反对冒险，你就会选择风险比率较小的活动。如果你无所畏惧，那么你往往会对高比率不太在乎，除非它们大得令人难以承受。
8 我们一旦明白了风险是永远无法从任何情况中完全去除的，因而就没有绝对安全的事，我们也就会明白问题的关键不是要彻底避免风险，而是要理智地管理风险。风险管理需要两大要素：常识以及与我们可能要承担的风险的性质和程度相关的信息。
unit 7
我们这些教师对于在你们身上取得的教育成就一点都不感到自豪。
我们培养你们去适应的是一个根本不存在的世界——事实上也是不可能存在的。
在这里度过的四年时间里，你们一直以为失败是不会留下任何记录的。
要是学得不好，一个最省事的办法就是中途退出（不修这门课），在布朗大学你们学会了这一点。
但是，从现在开始，在你们要涉足的世界里，失败是要给你留下疤痕的。
知难而退也会使你变成另一个人。走出布朗，知难而退的人绝不是英雄。
你们可以跟我们争辩，说服我们为什么你们的错误不是错误，为什么平庸的作业是优秀的，为什么你们会对普普通通并不出色的课堂报告感到骄傲。
回想一下，毕竟你们中的大多数人在你们所学的大部分课程中都得了高分。
因此，在这里分数并不能作为区分优秀学生与学业平平的学生的依据。
但是，今后，在你们所要去的世界里，你们最好不要为自己的错误辩护，而应该从中吸取教训。
假如你们要求得到你们不该得到的表扬，诋毁那些不给你们表扬的人，这是不明智的做法。
多年来，我们创造了一个完全宽容的世界。这里所要求于你们的仅仅是一点微不足道的努力。
当你们没有按约定的时间赴约时，我们就再约时间。当你们没有按期交作业时，我们装作不在乎。
更糟糕的是，当你们的言谈枯燥无味时，我们却装作你们说的是重要的事情；当你们喋喋不休、不知所云时，我们认真倾听，似乎你们说的东西事关重大；
当你们把根本没有花心思写的作业扔到我们桌上时，我们不仅拜读，甚至批改给评语，好像值得为你们这样做似的。
当你们犯傻时，我们装作你们聪明过人；当你们老生常谈、毫无想象力、平平淡淡时，我们却装作像在听什么美妙绝伦的新鲜事情一样；
当你们要不劳而获时，我们拱手奉上。所有这一切究竟是为了什么？
对这一切尽管你们可以想入非非，但我们决不是因为想要讨你们的欢心，而是因为我们不想让你们来啰唆。一个简单的办法就是作假：微笑，让你们轻轻松松都得B。
在这一类的演说中人们往往习惯于引用，在此让我来引用一个你们从来没有听说过的人的话，这个人是拉特格斯大学的卡特•A.丹尼尔教授。
他说：“大学毁了你们，让你们阅读那些不值得一读的论文，听那些不值得一听的评论，甚至要去尊重那些无所事事、孤陋寡闻、极不文明的人。
为了教育，我们过去不得不这样做，但是今后不会有人再这样做了。
在过去的50年中，大学使你们丧失了得到充分培养的机会。
由于大学成了一个轻松、自由、包容、体贴、舒适、充满乐趣、好玩的地方，它没有对你们尽到责任。但愿你们今后好运。”
这就是为什么，在今天进行毕业典礼之际，我们没有任何可引以自豪的东西。
哦，对了，还有一点。尽量不要像对待我们那样去对待你们的同事和老板。
我的意思是，当他们把你们想要但不是你们应得的东西给了你们时，要善待他们，不要侮辱他们，不要在他们身上重演你们与父母之间的那种糟糕的关系。
这一切，我们也都忍受了。
正如我刚才所说的，这不是为了讨你们的欢心。
有一些年轻人只能在同龄人的眼中找到自我，是一些愚昧无知的人，竟然肤浅到以为教授们关心的不是教育，而是自己的人缘。实际上，很少有教授在乎这类年轻人是否喜欢他们。
我们容忍这一切，只是为了摆脱你们。摒弃我们在教学中给你们造成的这些假象，投身到真实的生活中去吧。

unit 8
拉里•多希博士有两个古董钟。“一个走得快，一个走得慢”多希博士说。“它们提醒我，生活不是由时钟控制的，而且我能自己选择按什么样的时间生活。”
多希博士研究时间生物学，是这门新兴学科的开拓者。该学科研究的是时间与生活是如何相互影响的。多希博士认为，一个人如何看待时间可能是生死攸关的事。
他说，在我们社会中最常见的一种疾病是“时间病”，就是由于时间造成的压力和紧迫性而引起的焦虑和紧张。
这些症状会导致心脏病和中风，这是我们最大的两种死因。
多希发现,采用一些简单的方法去改变人们对时间的看法，上述疾病和其他一些因紧张而诱发的疾病常常可以得到成功的治疗。
多希博士注意到，有相当多的病人虽然在住院期间并没有任何日程安排，但仍坚持要带手表，于是就对时间与健康之间的关系产生了兴趣。
这些人都是“时间瘾君子”。他们从孩提时代起就受到这样的教育：要按社会的时钟安排自己的生活。因此一旦没有了计时器所给予的安全感，就会茫然若失。
于是乎时间就统治了我们的生活。
时间就是金钱，应该节省，应该理智地花，不要浪费或者丢失。
几乎所有生活在我们这个世界上的生物，都拥有与大自然节奏同步的生物钟。
蟹能感知潮水什么时候要变化。
老鼠会在夜幕降临时醒来。
松鼠知道什么时候该为漫长的冬眠做准备。
这些生物钟并不像自动机械装置那么精确，却能适应环境的变化。
对大多数生物来说，光是最强有力的同步指示仪。
但人类还有另一个强有力的同步指示仪：周围的人。
根据在德国进行的开拓性研究报告，当人们被分成小组，一起置身于与光、温度、湿度等外部时间提示因素相隔绝的环境时，他们自身内部复杂的时间节奏无法（与外部因素）同步了；但他们的生物钟随后又恢复了相互间一致的同步节奏。
就连他们的体温也一起上升或下降——这表明，每个人体内的一些微妙的生物化学变化现在也都同步了。
这些实验也许揭示了一种神秘力量，一种把个人改变为群体（团队、异教或乌合之众）成员的神秘力量。
人的头脑能以各种各样的方式改变时间的节奏。那些从死亡的边缘抢救过来的人常常回忆说, 在那一瞬间他们整个一生的生活经历会在他们面前重新闪现。
那些经历过严重事故的人常描述说，在事故发生的过程中，一切都以慢动作的形式进行；
这显然是人脑中内置有逃生工具，也就是一种能力，它能把人对外部世界的感知速度提高到正常状态下的数倍，从而“减慢”了世界运行的速度，使当事人有“时间”来思考避免灾难的对策。
由于我们一生下来就被灌输了社会所遵循的时间，于是我们就以为这是任何人在任何地方不管怎么样都必须共同遵守的。
但不同的文化对时间的认识存在着差异。
在北美和欧洲北部的一些工业化国家，生活安排得很紧凑。
让别人等候是令人皱眉头的。
但在欧洲南部及拉丁美洲说西班牙语和葡萄牙语的国家里，人比时间表更重要，故在约会时会把开始的时间定得比较灵活。
每一种时间观都各有优缺点。但其代价可能会很高。当我们体内的自然节奏与时钟时间之间的同步关系被打乱时，紧张感便会随之而生。
在时钟时间的严格控制下，现在西方工业化社会发现心脏病和其他一些相关疾病是导致死亡的主要原因。
但是，多希博士认为，这样的“时间病”是可以通过改变我们对时间的看法而得到治疗和预防的。
他能采用一些简单的手段来改变和主宰自己的时间，这些手段你我也可以采用。
1）摆脱时钟对你生活的控制。
别再戴手表。当我们打破了看钟表的习惯时，时间便不再让你我如此时时关注了。
2）确立你自己的内部时间感。
为了说明时间是相对的，爱因斯坦曾经说，对于一个坐在滚烫的火炉上的人来说，两分钟的时间给人的感觉就像两小时；而对一个身边有靓丽女子陪伴的青年男子来说，两小时就像两分钟一样。
3）发挥你自身的能力去改变时间。
我们都天生具有使自己放松的能力。
大多数人能通过排除杂念和控制呼吸的方法做到这一点。例如，每次呼气时都想数字“1”。
几分钟内，就能使自己非常平静。
4）使自己与大自然同步。
耐心地看看日落，或者看一朵从头顶的天空慢慢飘过的云。记住，有一种时间比人类用钟表创造出来的时间要古老得多。
我们创造了机械时间，令我们的社会随着它运转，我们有自由去选择究竟是做它的奴隶还是做它的主人。
2. relearn再学习 regain收回，重新获得 redo 重做，再做 rewrite重写，改写
rearrange重新整理 reclaim要求归还，收回 remodel重新塑造，改变 replace取代
rephrase重新措辞 rejoin 再结合，在加入 reform 改革 readjust 重新调整
reunited（使）再结合 rebroadcast 转播，重播 reread 再读 review 复习
没找到第九单元
看看是这些吗 ：）

Ⅱ 外研社新编大学英语第四版课后答案

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14) hurried 15) warrant 16) strange Unit3 1. Understanding the Organization of the Text 1) Introction (para 1) It has been proven repeatedly that the various types of behavior, emotions, and interests that constitute being masculine and feminine are patterned by both heredity and culture. 2) There is a cultural bias in ecation that favors boys over girls. (para. 2-4) Supporting evidence A. Teachers called on males in class far more than on female students. (para 2) i) Its consequence: This has a tremendous impact on the learning process. ii) The reason for this: Active classroom participants develop more positive attitudes and go on to higher achievement. iii) Two examples: a. In many of the former all-women’ colleges, the boys were taking over the class-room discussions and active participation by women students had diminished noticeably. b. A similar subordination of female to male students has also been observed in law and medical school classrooms in recent years. B. Teachers assigned boys and girls different tasks according to stereotyped gender roles. (para. 3) i) Its consequence: This prevented girls from participating as actively as boys in class. ii) An example: A teacher had the little boys perform the scientific experiment while the girls were given the task of putting the materials away. C. Gender-biased ecation is also reflected in the typical American teacher’ assumption. (para 4) i) The assumption: Boys will do better in the hard, masculine subjects of math and science while girls are expected to have better verbal and reading skills. ii) Three examples: a. American boys do develop reading problems, while girls, who are superior to boys in math up to the age of nine, fall behind from then on. b. In Germany, all studies are considered masculine and it is girls who develop reading problems.
c. In Japan, where early ecation appears to be nonsexist, both girls and boys do equally well in reading. 3) The ecational bias begins at home. (para 5) A. Supporting evidence: i) Boy preschoolers were permitted to go away from home in a much wider area than girl preschoolers. ii) Boys were encouraged to develop intellectual curiosity and physical skills, while girls are filled with fears of the world outside the home and with the desire to be approved of for their goodness and obedience to rules. B. The consequence when these lessons carry over from the home to the classroom: Girls are generally observed to be more dependent on the teacher, more concerned with the form and neatness of their work than its content, and more anxious about being right in their answers than in being intellectually independent, analytical, or original. C. Conclusion: Through the ecational process that occupies most of the child’s waking hours, society reinforces its established values and turns out each sex in its traditional and expected mold. Vocabulary 1. 1) genetic 2) assign 3) noticeably 4) approved 5) Bias 6) deprived 7) constituted 8) participation 9) unintentional 10) postgraate 3. 1) C 2) D 3) A 4) E 5) B 6) C 7) F 8) B unit4 Reading Comprehension 1. 1) Introction(para 1) It is introced in the article how teachers and parents can encourage creativity in children. 2) An important strategy for parents and teachers to follow (para. 2-3) A. The strategy: To encourage children to spend time thinking and developing new ideas. B. The significance for adopting the strategy: If children can be taught to think creatively, they will be better able to function in tomorrow’s society. 3) The definition of creativity (para. 4-5) A. Who successful students and alts are: Those who can find a number of ways to approach problems.
B. What creative people can do: They can use what they have to proce original ideas that are good for something. 4) A big problem in school (para. 6) The problem: Children can obtain and give back information, but can’t figure out ways to apply what they know in new situations. 5) A new approach to teaching (para 7) A. The approach: Combining the basics with the activities where students must use their imaginations. B. How to do so: By asking questions and meanwhile praising their ideas and new thoughts. C. How to facilitate the process: To create an atmosphere in which there is no risk in being creative-- a place where wild ideas are honored and valued, never scorned or dismissed. 6) Things parents can do at home to encourage creativity (para. 8-10) A. To involve children in decision making. B. To help children to understand the consequences of various decisions. C. To encourage them to talk out loud about things they are doing. The reason for doing so: Talking out loud improves language skills and thinking skills. D. To show a sense of humor. The reason for doing so: Children can see creativity in its purest form. E. To give children choices from their earliest age. Examples: a. When they are very young, let them choose between two food items for lunch. b. B. When they grow older, let them decide how to use their time or spend their money. Vocabulary 3. 1) dismiss 2) consequences 3) promoting 4) applies 5) vital 6) scorned
7) conventional 8) original 4. 1) consciously 2) innovative 3) unconsciously 4) determined 5) Imagination 6) aware 7) control 8) created 9) extension 10) technique 11) vulnerable 12) unfolding 13) joyful 14) gain 15) Apply Unit5 新编大学英语第二版第四册第五课练习答案 Understanding the organization of the text 1) Introction (para. 1) Athletes are chosen to be role models, and they can choose only to be good or bad ones. 2) Athletes should be role models. (para. 2-5) The author’s arguments: A. Athletes should not refuse the responsibility of being a role model while accepting all the glory and the money that comes with being a famous athlete. (para. 2) B. I try to be a positive role model, but that doesn’t mean I am perfect. (para. 3) C. Qualities of a positive role model: (para. 4) a. He influences people’s lives in a positive way. b. He gives of himself in time or money to help those who look up to him. c. He displays the values like honesty and determination. D. Athletes cannot take the place of parents, but can help reinforce what parents try to teach their children. (para. 5) 3) People sometimes expect so much that some athletes don’t want to be role modes. (para. 6-7) A. Sometimes people put athletes on a pedestal. Example: I have had parents in Utah put my picture on the wall beside Jesus Christ. (para. 6) B. Constantly being watched by the public can be hard to tolerate at time
s. Example: 1: Negative publicity Michael Jordan received about gambling. 2. Ever since I played on the Dream Team, I can’t go anywhere without being the center of attention and I can’t even buy a motorcycle I really want. (para. 7) 4) Conclusion (para 8-9) The good things about being a role model outweigh the bad. A. It’s a great feeling to think you are part of the reason that a id decided to try to be good. B. But parents should remind their kids that there are no perfect human beings. C. Charles Barkley is a good role model. Vocabulary 2. 1) is bound to 2) follow their lead 3) goes too far/is going too far 4) take the place of 5) dropped out 6) have a fit 7) measure up to 8) look up to 9) Let’s face it 10) you name it 3. 1) outgrown 2) outdo 3) outwitted 4) outweigh 5) outlived

Ⅲ 求新编大学英语4Part four的translation practice答案

去这个邮箱下载吧。[email protected] 密码：4432840 不要动其他的东西。

Ⅳ 新编大学英语综合教程4课文翻译及答案应惠兰

你好，很高兴为你解答
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希望能帮到你
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谢谢

Ⅳ 求新编大学英语第二版第4册视听说教程1~5单元答案哪里有

视听说教程？在附带的光盘里都有答案的啊。。
综合教程的答案在配套的手册里有

Ⅵ 新编大学英语答案

p13
1.I'm tired,I should not have gone to bed so late last night.
2.I don't/didn't know Bob very well,but we go/went out for an occasional drink together.
3.We are supposed to meet her at the train station.
4.You could clearly see people drowning,but/and yet you took no action to save them.
5.Including weekends,there are only twelve more days to buy Christmas presents.
6.Without immediate action,many kinds of wild animals would die from hunger.
P47
1.That songs always reminded her of the night spent in Chicago.
2.There happened to be a policeman on the corner,so I asked him the way.
3.All flights to New York today are delayed because of the bad weather.
4.Whoever is responsible willl have to pay for the damage.
5.I can not find my checkbook ,i must have left it at home.
6.By the time ,the football match was going to start ,the storm had already stopped.
p68
1.A young man came to the check-in counter and asked if his briefcase had been turned in.
2.He looked over my shoulder at the conveyer belt and shouted that he had seen his briefcase going through the opening at the end of the conveyor belt.
3.Unfortunately,his briefcase had already been loaded on one of the flights.
4.I assured him that we would calll him as soon as we found his briefcase.
5.To our great surprise ,the young man said that he had already found his briefcase in his car .
P81
1.You won't get the job unless you have got the experience.
2.Most of my time is spent studying the differences between Chinese and American cultures.
3.The statement/sentence is so clear that it can't cause any misunderstanding.
4.He wishes he could give her more help than what he does now .
5.Put on your coat ,or you will catch a cold .
6.She has added a picture of Picasso to her collection.
7.I am not aware of ever having been here before.
8.You will soon find yourself without any friends at all if you keep on being so rude to everybody.
P103
1.First,you must be aware that feeling nervous is very normal in a strange environment./It is quite normal to feel nervoust in a strange environment.
2.Our thoughts can race a long several times faster than most people speak.
3.In order to get other’ attention, you must learn how to be a good and sympathetic listener.
4.One of the essential points is that you should try to broaden your horizens.
5.The sense of humor is of use/help.Telling a joke about yourself sometimes can lighten the conversation.
6.Only when you are willing to talk and listen attentively,can/will you succeed in making friends with the people around you.
P117
1.It’s far too hot in the room,open the window,please!
2.The noise woke us up in the middle of the night.
3.he should have been angry at what I said.It was nothing more than a joke.
4.We invited all our friends to the picnic but it rained and only five of them showed up.
5.She views marriage as a serious matter.
6.To my disappointment ,the movie didn’t live up to my expectations.
P153
1.I used to go to the cinema/movies a lot,but I neer have the time now.
2.The two workers cooperated with each other to fix the broken pipe.
3.this is a cruel practice which should be stopped immediately.
4.What aspect of your job/work is(the)most difficult,and what aspect is(the)most rewarding?
5.Some people think he is rude,but that’s not the case.
6.I’ll help as much as I can,but there is a limit to what I can do.
P190
1. Her hard work resulted in a big bonus for her.
2. Children were watching the planes take off and load.
3. As soon as I’m on board a ship I always feel sick.
4. A total of 20000 people visited the museum on the first day when it was open to the public.
5. The committee consists of scientists and engineers.
6. I wouldn’t dare to go home with the job unfinished.
P221
1. We are considering selling the house.
2. I suggest he wait a while before he makes an decisions.
3. John is very likely to come to the party tomorrow.
4. We’d like to know the reason why she didn’t accept the job.
5. You shouldn’t have gone back t the burning building,you might have been badly/seriously burnt.
6. It/The thought had never crossed my mind that there might have be a problem.
P257
1. World warⅡtook place in 1945.
2. My grandfather drinks a great deal.
3. He was still working by the age of 65.
4. The teacher knows all his students by name.
5. The police have finally succeeded in solving the mystery.
6. He likes all kinds of eports,but most of all,basketball.
7. Talking on the phone is different from talking face to face.
8. They fell in love with each other because they had common interests.
P291
1. The topic of the speech is announced a week in advance,but the name of the apeaker ia not.
2. It seemed incredible that some students still played football before the exams.
3. Mr.Auden is a happy man who derives pleasure from helping others.
4. Two Americans shared last year’s Nobel Prize for Medicine.
5. First of all I’d like to welcome you to the meeting.
6. I’m not accustomed to such luxury.It’s a waste of money.
7. The results of the exam will be put up on Friday afternoon.
8. Some cruel experiments on animals are carried out in the name of science.
P330
1. The best way to lose weight is to avoid eating fatty foods.
2. One of the main causes of hunger used to be lack of transportation.
3. Wasteful packaging will add to the price of food/food price.
4. Economic reform would not be successful without the development of agriculture.
5. The farmers will grow more cash crops next year instead of grains.
6. At present,there are still places in the world where farmers make use of animal labor.

Ⅶ 新编大学英语视听说4的答案

附带光盘里就有答案啊、、、

Ⅷ 高分求新编大学英语 第4册 视听说教程原文和答案

Text
Do you view work as a burden or an opportunity? Are you the kind of person who looks for ways to save your energy or the kind that finds spending your energy satisfying? Why do people like to complain about work? Find the answers to question like these in the following essay.

WHY PEOPLE WORK

Leonard R. Sayles
Jobs and work do much more than most of us realize to provide happiness sand contentment. We're all used to thinking that work provides the material things of life -- the goods and services that make possible our modern civilization. But we are much less conscious of the extent to which work provides the more intangible, but more crucial, psychological well-being that can make the difference between a full and an empty life.
Historically, work has been associated with slavery and sin and punishment. And in our own day we are used to hearing the traditional complaints: "I can't wait for my vacation," "I wish I could stay home today," "My boss treats me poorly," "I've got too much work to do and not enough time to do it." Against this background, it may well come as a surprise to learn that not only psychologists but other behavioral scientists have come to accept the positive contribution of work to the indivial's happiness and sense of personal achievement. Work is more than a necessity for most human beings; it is the focus of their lives, the source of their identity and creativity.
Rather than a punishment or a burden, work is the opportunity to realize one's potential. Many psychiatrists heading mental health clinics have observed its healing effect. A good many patients who feel depressed in clinics gain renewed self-confidence when gainfully employed and lose some, if not all, of their most acute symptoms. Increasingly, institutions dealing with mental health problems are establishing workshops wherein those too sick to get a job in "outside" instry can work, while every effort is exerted to arrange "real" jobs for those well enough to work outside.
And the reverse is true, too. For large numbers of people, the absence of work is harmful to their health. Retirement often brings many problems surrounding the "What do I do with myself?" question, even though there may be no financial cares. Large numbers of people regularly get headaches and other illnesses on weekends when they don't have their jobs to go to, and must fend for themselves. It has been observed that unemployment, quite aside from exerting financial pressures, brings enormous psychological troubles and that many indivials deteriorate rapidly when jobless.
But why? Why should work be such a significant source of human satisfaction? A good share of the answer rests in the kind of pride that is stimulated by the job, by the activity of accomplishing.

Pride in Accomplishment
The human being longs for a sense of being accomplished, of being able to do things, with his hand, with his mind, with his will. Each of us wants to feel he or she has the ability to do something that is meaningful and that serves as a tribute to our inherent abilities.
It is easiest to see this in the craftsman who lovingly shapes some cheap material into an object that may be either useful or beautiful or both. You can see the carpenter or bricklayer stand aside and admire the proct of his personal skill.
But even where there is no obvious end proct that is solely attributable to one person's skill, researchers have found that employees find pride in accomplishment. Our own research in hospitals suggests that even the houskeeping and laundry staffs take pride in the fact that in their own ways they are helping to cure sick people -- and thus accomplishing good deal.
We're often misled by the complaints surrounding difficult work; deep down most people regard their won capacity to conquer the tough job as the mark of their own unique personality. Complaining is just part of working After all, how else do you know who you are, except as you can demonstrate the ability of your mind to control you limbs ad hands and words? You are, in significant measure, what you can do.
Some are deceived into thinking that people like to store up energy, to rest and save themselves as much as possible. Just the opposite. It is energy expenditure that is satisfying.
Just watch an employee who must deal with countless other people because his or her job is at some central point in a communications network: a salesman at a busy counter, a stock broker on the phone, a customer representative. They will tell you how much skill and experience it takes to answer countless questions and handle various kinds of personalities every hour of the day. Not everyone can interact with such persistence and over long hours, but those who do, pride themselves on a distinctive ability that contributes mightily to the running of the organization.
But work is more than accomplishment and pride in being able to command the job, because except for a few craftsmen and artists most work takes place "out in the world," with an through other people.

Esprit de corps
Perhasps an example will make the point:
I remember viewing a half dozen me in a chair factory whose job it was to bend several pieces of steel and attach them so that a folding chair would result. While there were ten or twelve of these "teams" that worked together, one in particular was known for its perfect coordination and lightning-like efforts. The men knew they were good. They would work spurts for twenty or thirty minutes before taking a break -- to show themselves, bystanders and other groups what it was to be superbly skilled and self-controlled, to be the best in the factory.
When I talked with them, each expressed enormous pride in being a part of the fastest, best team. And this sense of belonging to an accomplished work group is one of the distinctive satisfactions of the world of work.
One further word about work group satisfactions. Unlike may other aspects of life, relationships among people at work tend to be simpler, less complicated, somewhat less emotional. This is not to say there aren't arguments and jealousies, but, on the whole, behavioral research discloses that human relations at work are just easier, perhaps because they are more regular and predictable and thus simpler to adjust to than the sporadic, the more intense and less regular relationships in the community. And the work group also gently pressures its members to learn how to adjust to one another so that the "rough edges" are worked off because people know they must do certain things with and through one another each day.
Beyond the team and the work group, there is the organization, whether it be company or hospital or university. The same pride in being part of a well-coordinated, successful unit is derived from being part of a larger collectivity. Working for a company that is though of as being part of the best in the community can provide employees with both status and self-confidence. They assume, usually with good reason, that others regard them more highly, even envy them, and that they are more competent than the average because of this association with a "winner," a prestigious institution. We in truth bask in the reflected glory of the institution, and we seek ways of asserting our membership so that others will know and can recognize our good fortune.

New Words
contentment
n. happiness; satisfaction 满足

civilization
n. 文明

intangible
a. that can not be touched or grasped 触摸不到的

crucial
a. decisive; critical 决定性的，关键的

pschological
a. of the soul or mind 心理的

historically
ad. in the course of history, in accordance with or in respect to history

associate
vt. connect or bring together in one's mind 联想

slavery
n. the system of having slaves; the condition of being a slave 奴隶制度；奴隶身份

sin
n. behavior that is against the principles of morality; an immoral act 罪孽

punishment
n. punishing or being punished 惩罚

complaint
n. complaining; a statement expressing unhappiness, pain, dissatisfaction 抱怨

behavioral
a. of or having to do with behavior 行为的
contribution
n. act of contributing; sth. contributed

necessity
n. sth. that is necessary; the condition of being necessary, needed or unavoidable 必需品；必要性

focus
n. the central point; centre of interest 焦点

creativity
n. the ability to proce new and orignal ideas and things; inventiveness创造性

clinic
n. building or part of a hospital where doctors give specialized medical treatment and advice; a medical institution for special purposes 诊所

heal
v. (cause to) become healthy 治愈，愈合，痊愈

depressed
a. sad; low in spirits 精神抑郁的，情绪沮丧的

depress
vt. make sad, low in spirits

renew
vt. reestablish; give new life and freshness to 使更新

gainfully
ad. profitably

acute
a. severe; strong 严重的，急性的

symptom
a. a change in the body's condition that indicates illness 症状

institution
n. a society, club, college or any organization established for some public or social purpose 公共机构

workshop
n. a room of building which contains tools or machinery for making or repairing things 车间，工场

wherein
conj. in which

exert
vt. use(strength, skill, etc.) 尽力

reverse
n. the opposite; the other way round, the back 相反，背面

absence
n. non-existence; lack

retirement
n. instance of retiring or being retired; condition of being retired 退休

financial
a. relating to money 财政的；金融的

weekend
n. Saturday and Sunday, esp. when considered as a holiday from work

fend
vi. provide(for) 供养；照料

unemployment
n. the state of being unemployed

significant
a. of noticeable importance or effect 重大的

significance n.

satisfaction
n. be state of being satisfied 满足

satisfactory a.

accomplished
a. skilled, expert 有才艺的；有造诣的

tribute
n. material evidence of one's worth, virtue, etc.

inherent
a. existing as a natural and permanent part or quality of 内在的，生来的

craftsman
n. a highly skilled workman 手艺人，（名）工匠

bicklayer
n. a workman who builds with bricks

attributable
a. that can be attributed 可归因于……的

attribute
vt. 把……归因为

housekeeping
n. management of a home and its affairs 家政

staff
n. the group of workers who carry on a job （全体）员工

capacity
n. ability, power; the amount that sth. can hold or proce 能力；容量

tough
a. difficult to do or deal with 艰巨的

unique
n. being the only one of its type 独特的

limb
n. the leg, arm. or wing of an animal 肢，翼

opposite
n. a person or thing that is entirely different from another 对立面，对立物

countless
a. very many; too many to be counted

broker
n. person who buys and sells for others 经纪人，掮客

stock broker
n. a person who buys and sells stocks and bonds for other for a commission 证券经纪人

representative
n. a person acting in place of one or more others 代表

interact
vi. act on each other 相互作用

persistence
n. the act or fact of keeping on doing sth in spite of difficulty or opposition 坚持

persist vi.

distinctive
a. clearly marking a person or thing as different from other 特殊的；与众不同的

mightily
ad. with power and strength; greatly

esprit de corps
n. (French) spirit of loyalty and devotion which unites the members of a group or society 团体精神，集体荣誉感

coordination
n. harmonious adjustment or working together 协调

coordinate vt.

lightning
闪电

bystander
n. a person standing near but not taking part in an event or activity; onlooker 旁观者

superbly
ad. magnificently; first class

aspect
n. one side or view of a subject 方面

relationship
n. a friendship between people; connection 关系

disclose
make known; show by uncovering 揭示

sporadic
a. occurring now and then; occasional 零星发生的,偶尔的

collectivity
n. people collectively, especially as forming a community or state 集体

collective a.

status
n. (high) social or professional position 地位,身份

envy
vt. feel admiration or ill-will toward (sb.) because he has the good fortune one wishes to have 羡慕;妒忌

winner
n. one that wins or seems destined to win or be successful

prestigious
a. having respect that results from the good reputation (of a person, nation, etc.)有声望的

bask
vi. sit or lie in enjoyable warmth and light (舒适地) 取暖,享受

reflect
vt. throw back (light, heat, sound or image) 反射;反映

assert
vt. demonstrate the existence of; declare forcefully 宣称,断言

membership
n. the state of being a member, of a club, society, etc. all the members of a club, society, etc.

Phrases & Expressions
associate with
connect with (often mentally) 把…与…联系在一起

rather than
instead of

fend for oneself
look after oneself 照料自己，自行谋生

aside from
besides, apart from 除…以外

long for
desire (to have )sth. strongly 渴望

take pride in
fell please and happy because of 为…而感到得意

store up
put away for future use 储存，储备

pride oneself on
regard as a special reason for pride or satisfaction 以……自豪

make the/one's point
prove that sth. is true 证明一个论点

in particular
especially

at work
busy at a job; doing work

one the whole
considering everything; in general

work off
get rid of, dispose 除去，清除