華東師范大學教授周育民

㈠ 「江湖」這個詞用英語怎麼說啊

all corners of the country

江湖："bohemian" / "the underworld"

The Jiānghú (江湖; Cantonese: gong woo) world is the milieu, environment, or sub-community, often fictional, in which many Chinese classical wuxia stories are set. The term can be translated literally as "rivers and lakes". Metaphorically, however, it refers not to a physical place or geographic location but to the wild and romanticized domain of secret societies, gangs, fighters, entertainers, prostitutes, assassins, thieves, actors, beggars, and wanderers that is roughly the Chinese equivalent to the English terms "bohemian" and "the underworld". In many wuxia novels, the people who are not a part of the jianghu life may not even realize that the person sitting next to them in a tea house is a renowned assassin or that a normal seeming town is affiliated to a secret society behind the scenes.

The term originally started in Chinese literature in the more literal sense of "rivers and lakes" to denote an unsettled geographic area. In medieval China, outlaws often fled to the frontiers, returning only to prey upon the law-abiding world. The roots of jianghu wuxia (frontier heroes) go back at least as far as the 12th century novel Water Margin (水滸傳), in which a band of noble outlaws retreated to a swampy hideout and mounted sorties in an attempt to right the wrongs of the corrupt officials. Over time, especially in the wuxia novel tradition, the term eventually took on the more metaphoric meaning.

In modern days, the term jianghu is frequently used to refer to the triads and the secret societies of gangsters. A 2004 movie entitled Jiang Hu starring Andy Lau and Jacky Cheung is about the gangster societies in Hong Kong.

Wulin

Wulin (武林) is the fictional society of wuxia and a part of the broader Jianghu. The term literally translates to "Forest of fighters".

江湖
出自維基網路，自由嘅網路全書
跳去: 定向, 搵嘢

江湖系一種中國民間社會，多數講系遠離官方嘅民間組織同勢力，有自己一套規舉，有時甚至莫視法律。江湖有說起源自周圍去賣藝、賣武技人，成日經水路來往各個江湖。因為到處維生，唔容易畀官府管，後尾產生武俠、武林、黑社會嘅意思。古代中國雖然系中央集權制，但系地方治安好多時都系靠民間組織自保，所以有江湖發展嘅空間。

廣義嘅解釋

江湖有好多意思。因為有武俠小說嘅流行，唔少人會覺得，以前嘅江湖一定系關於武林，有好多武林高手不斷以命相搏想成為天下第一，而今日嘅江湖就一定系同黑幫有關，幫會之間互相鬥爭廝殺要成為最高霸主，總之就系充滿血腥嘅地方；但原來江湖唔一定系以上哩兩種，唔一定有血腥，可以咁講：喺同一個領域裡面活動嘅人，不論國界，不分膚色，總之佢哋之間系存在競爭，唔理系生存抑或名利之爭，良性定系惡性之爭，都可以稱嗰個領域為一個江湖。

概念

江湖照字面睇系「江川」同「湖泊」嘅合稱，裡面匯合咗來自唔同地方嘅水，當水入咗江、湖之後，不論流向、遭遇都冇人會知道；有可能被人挑咗去種田，有可能俾動物飲用，俾植物吸取咗，又可能會被蒸發變成水蒸氣消失喺江、湖中……。

將哩個概念引申出嚟，將江湖比喻為一個群體小社會，而擁有相同或類似目標嘅人就好似江湖中嘅好多好多滴水，不斷喺個小社會裡面打滾，為喺哩個空間生存而迎接一切嘅挑戰，冇人會知道當自己入咗江湖之後會遇到咩遭遇，亦唔知有咩後果，會闖出名堂？定系寂寂無聞而無聲引退……？

所以一路以嚟都有好多唔同嘅句子詞語同江湖有關，好似：

* 「名震江湖」：即系喺一個領域裡面打出名堂，個大名全天下人都聽過；
* 「江湖路險」：即系話個領域危機四伏，要力爭上游系會遇到好多危險；
* 「血染江湖」：顧名思義即系喺個領域裡面中咗招；
* 「江湖不歸路」、「人在江湖，身不由己」：有好多領域唔系話可以話唔玩就唔玩，入咗去就冇得返轉頭；又或者有時有啲嘢系好想做，或者好想退出，但系身邊嘅嘢令到自己唔可以話想點就點，冇選擇餘地。

……等等。

參考資料：wikipedia

㈡ 晚清非常腐朽落後，為什麼還有那麼多的財政收入

當時清朝只能通過加大稅收來維持國家的運行，以前清朝的正常田賦、鹽稅以及關稅自然會被加大稅收稅額，但是這也遠遠不夠，於是清朝後期還增加了鐵路費，惡稅洋以及土葯厘稅等，當時清末國庫收入一年可以達到4.2億左右白銀。

即便如此，還是不能支撐清朝正常的運轉，於是清政府便開始新添加鐵路費，惡稅洋以及土葯厘稅，清朝晚期因為西方列強在中國興建鐵路，當時確實促進了清朝經濟的發展，於是清朝便開始徵收過路費，而這個土葯厘稅其實就是鴉片稅，誰都知道鴉片害人，但是清政府為了創收居然徵收鴉片稅，可見當時清朝已經走投無路了。正是在清朝這種毫無底線的創收之下，晚清的國庫才能一年有4.2億白銀的收入，不過這些銀子大多也都支付給西方列強的賠款之中。