美国大学教育介绍ppt
Ⅰ 在美国读大学| 授课PPT用iPad做笔记手机拍照NO！
作/林公子
正如 在美国读大学| 老美教授们最爱用的三种授课形式 中提到的，大多数时候，一门课程中会有多种教学方式结合，教授们也都有自己的教学风格和上课方式。我也听说过有教授酷到上课什么也不带，到教室后盘腿坐在讲桌上问大家这节课你们想听点什么，一样可以很受学生欢迎。
如你所知，美国的课堂是很随意的，上课时大家随意发言甚至随意走动，有时候教授忘记下课时间拖堂了，赶时间仿扰的学生会直接提起书包出教室。甚至美国学生在课堂上吃饭也很正常，尽管一备滚旦股子汉堡包飘香，但是吃东西的人还是目不斜视认真听讲啊，想要发表个人看法时也绝不退让，嚼着三明治就发言了。哈佛MBA班早上八点固定开始上课，很多同学都是一手咖啡一手热狗走进教室，边吃边上课。
但如果你就此认为美国大学里没什么课堂纪律那就大错特错咯。在美国，基本上所有的教授都会反复声明不能在课堂上使用任何电子设备（No electronic devices），课堂玩手机？别想了，教授会直接走到你的面前问你用手机在干嘛，并且重申：No electronic devices in my class.绝对的不留一点情面。
我在国内时习惯用iPad记笔记，平时从来不带纸质笔记本的。在我第一节Organizational Behavior and Theory专业课上，我很自然地拿着iPad记笔记，没一会儿六十多岁的白发老教授站在讲台上看向我说：那位同学，不要使用电子设备。我环顾四周才意识到是在说我，于是我说：我在记笔记。
教授走到我身边： No , you can’t use electronic devices in my class。我急了： No , it’s my notebook, I use it to take notes。教授又回我：I won’t interfere your other courses, but this is my class。——我的地盘你得听我的。
刚到美国的我一下子懵逼了，要知道我已经至少两年没有专门用本子记笔记了，要知道在国内有人在课堂上记笔记老师就已经感激学生的用心了——大部分学生都是拿手机拍照得了。
而在美国，用手机拍照？你简直会被当作外星人——美国人用疑惑的眼神奇怪地看着你：为什么竟然会有人拿手机拍张照片来当作笔记？说实话， 我上过这么多课，还真没见过有人拿手机在课堂上拍下老师的笔记的。 很多美国大学包括世界顶尖高校都有明确规定，课堂上禁止用手机拍摄教学内容，连用笔记本电脑来记笔记也不行。而且，所有的教授上课都是黑板手书，你好意思瘫坐在椅子里用手机拍个照就了事？
美国教授大多喜欢直接粉笔板书，虽然美国的课堂里现代技术齐全投影仪幻灯机应有尽有，但教授们即使用PPT或者投影、视频等技术，也只是辅助教学。即使是在斯坦福大学的计算机系，很多学科的教学完全不用电脑，教授们仍然坚持用粉笔板书。为什么要这么传统？先进便捷为方便人类而产生的那些技术你们都不会用的吗？
上面说的那位不让我用iPad记笔记的教授，我课后就去和他聊天了。我内心满满的不忿——用电子设备多好，不用带那么多沉甸甸的笔记本，而且存档之后也不会怕笔记丢失，还方便搜索和定位，想看哪里点哪里。你这个老古董自己不愿意用先进的电子设备也就算了，我们年青的一代总是要进步的啊云云。我想了满肚子的理由想要去说服老教授，结果他只说一句话： 我尊重我的工作和学生，我用粉笔手写帮助大家理解教学内容，我希望我的学生也可以用手写来尊重我的工作。
所以还怎么好意思备凯用电子笔记？当白发苍苍的教授用如此认真而执着的方式表达着他对你作为学生的尊重。
看到过一位教授说为什么不喜欢用PPT授课，“我不喜欢PPT，因为只有带着你们一步步推理下来，你们才能学到东西。”
的确，有些学科是需要一定的推理过程的，如果老师只展示事先准备好的PPT，学生就没有领悟推导过程。如果再不自己动手抄写，脑子里基本不会留下什么印象，根本无法掌握好这些学科。有些学科每节课的课堂都是全新的，教授把大家有价值的观点一条一条写在黑板上而不是用PPT一条一条地播放出标准答案。
所以 很少有教授 做一个 PPT 一劳永逸地用下去。每一节课宁可用心地写满黑板。 美国的很多教室都是上推下拉好几面大黑板，我这学期有一门数学类的课，发现数学系教学楼里竟然每个教室除了安装窗户的那面墙，其它三面都是黑板！
所以怎么可能不去记笔记甚至拿手机拍拍照敷衍呢？连教授都在勤奋地反复温习以便能在不依赖 PPT 提示的情况下顺畅地讲课。
而到现在，我所有的课堂笔记都是手写，全部A4活页大笔记本，随时可以添加完善和修改，我得承认，在纸张上手写笔记更高效。手写自己有印象，尤其是我几门经济学的课，离不开各类模型和画图，自己画一遍下来也就梳理学习了一遍。而且笔记本记录修改方便，也能记录下自己不同阶段补充完善的内容，侧重点明显。
曾经酷酷的林公子，在美村也越来越“土”了。可即使是在国内，不管课堂怎么样，我也还是属于上课做笔记的一类人。你呢，还要继续拍照吗？
这几篇文章写下来，公子发现： 在国内，你想浑浑噩噩混日子太容易了，你想积极配合老师上课做笔记回答老师提问反而需要勇气，因为一不小心你就会被视为异类；在美国，你想浑浑噩噩混日子那太辛苦了，因为你需要巨大的勇气和心理承受能力，周围同学都在积极贡献自己的智慧，参与到学习当中，想靠混，反而辛苦。
这也就是为什么常常有留学生难以承受长期的压力而出现精神问题甚至自杀，很多时候不仅仅是学业压力大的问题，是有没有融入北美的学习受教育方式和有没有跟上节奏的问题。
所以下一篇可能会聊一聊什么样的人相对更能适应北美留学生活，什么样的人相对不适合出国学习。也有可能继续聊学习。到时候见。
Ⅱ 申请美国大学时，做的ppt作品集介绍里面一定要放自己的照片吗
如果你面若桃花，放一张会有加分，不放也不会减分的。没有一定之规
Ⅲ 缇庡浗宸ヤ細浠嬬粛
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銆銆1 "Change to Win Federation", online at
銆銆http://www.changetowin.org/index.asp Type=B_BASIC&SEC={44362272-0805-4FFB-8C60-C0C8B76AFAC2}
銆銆(last visited Dec. 10, 2005).
銆銆2 涓婅堪璁茶瘽鍑鸿嚜浣滆呬簬2005骞11鏈16鏃ュ湪璁跨編鏈熼棿涓庡悍濂堝皵澶у﹀叏鐞冨姵宸ョ爺绌堕櫌鐨勪富浠昏タ鎭┞锋柉濞佸凹搴ц皥鏃
銆銆鐨勮板綍.
銆銆3 鏉庝細娆:銆婂弽鍏ㄧ悆鍖栬繍鍔ㄤ笌鍔冲伐銆,杞姐婂浗澶栫悊璁哄姩鎬併2001骞寸8鏈,绗12椤.
銆銆鍝佸ぇ閲忚繘鍏ヨタ鏂瑰浗瀹跺競鍦鸿岃悗缂,鍊掗棴,鍦ㄨ繖浜涜屼笟宸ヤ綔鐨勫姵宸ュ伐璧勪笅闄嶇敋鑷冲け涓,
銆銆浠栦滑娌︿负璐告槗鑷鐢卞寲鏀跨瓥鐨勫彈瀹宠.璐告槗鑷鐢卞寲瀵瑰伐涓氬寲鍥藉剁殑灏变笟鍜屼綆鏀跺叆宸ヤ汉
銆銆宸ヨ祫浜х敓涓ラ噸璐熼潰褰卞搷,杩欎竴瑙傜偣琚鏅閬嶈ゅ悓.4
銆銆鎵浠ョ編鍥界殑鍔冲伐缁勭粐鎴愪负鍙嶅叏鐞冨寲鐨勭Н鏋佹敮鎸佽.铏界劧涓嶅皯涓撳跺﹁呰瘎浠风粡娴
銆銆鍏ㄧ悆鍖栧圭粡娴庡彂灞曠殑褰卞搷瀛樺湪"涓ら潰鎬",鏃㈡湁绉鏋佹晥鏋滀篃鏈夎礋闈㈠奖鍝,浣嗗浗闄呭伐浼
銆銆杩愬姩鍖呮嫭缇庡浗鍔冲伐缁勭粐鍗存櫘閬嶈や负,缁忔祹鍏ㄧ悆鍖栧瑰姵宸ョ晫鐨勮礋闈㈠奖鍝嶈繙杩滃ぇ浜庣Н鏋
銆銆鏁堟灉.杩欑嶈礋闈㈠奖鍝嶈〃鐜板湪璁稿氭柟闈,鏈変簺闂棰樹笉浠呭湪鍙戝睍涓鍥藉舵櫘閬嶅瓨鍦,鑰屼笖
銆銆寮濮嬭敁寤跺埌鍙戣揪鍥藉,鎵浠ユ棤璁哄彂杈惧浗瀹惰繕鏄鍙戝睍涓鍥藉剁殑鍔冲伐鏉冪泭閮藉彈鍒颁笉鍚岀▼
銆銆搴︾殑鎹熷.5 缇庡浗銆婂浗闄呭厛椹辫哄潧鎶ャ嬬殑璁拌呭▉寤壜锋櫘娉曞か鍦1997骞9鏈25鏃ュ彂琛ㄤ簡
銆銆棰樹负"鍏ㄧ悆鍖栫殑鐮村潖鏄鐜板疄鑰屾畫閰风殑"鏂囩珷,璇ユ枃璁や负鍏ㄧ悆鍖栦娇鍔冲姩鍔涘競鍦轰笘鐣屽寲,
銆銆鐮村潖浜嗗彂杈惧浗瀹剁殑宸ヤ細鍜屽姵宸ユ爣鍑.6 瑗挎柟鍥藉剁殑鍔冲伐缁勭粐涓鑷磋や负,瀹冧滑骞朵笉鍙
銆銆瀵圭粡娴庣殑鍏ㄧ悆鍙戝睍,鑰屾槸鍙嶅硅法鍥藉叕鍙告帹鍔ㄧ殑缁忔祹鍏ㄧ悆鍖栨墍瀵艰嚧鐨勪袱鏋佸垎鍖,绀句細
銆銆涓嶅叕鍜岀ぞ浼氱暩鍨嬪彂灞,鍥犱负涓婅堪杩欎簺鎯呭喌缁欏伐浜哄強鍏跺跺涵閫犳垚浜嗗▉鑳.浠1999骞寸殑
銆銆瑗块泤鍥句簨浠,鍒伴瓉鍖楀厠缇庢床鍥藉剁粍缁囬栬剳浼氳,鍝ュ痉鍫℃х洘宄颁細鍜岀儹閭ｄ簹鍏鍥介泦鍥
銆銆宄颁細,鏃ユ湰鍐茬怀鍏鍥介泦鍥㈠嘲浼,鍔犳嬁澶у崱绾崇撼鏂鍩烘柉鍏鍥介泦鍥㈠嘲浼,2002骞村崕鐩涢】
銆銆鍏鍥介泦鍥㈠嘲浼氱瓑,閮戒即闅忕潃"鍙嶅叏鐞冨寲"鐨勫叕浼楁姉璁,杩欎簺鎶楄浠や笘浜烘敞鐩.鑰岃繍鍔
銆銆鐨勪富瑕佸弬涓庤呬腑鍖呮嫭宸ヤ細缁勭粐.
銆銆浜屾槸缇庡浗宸ヤ細缁勭粐鐜囦笅闄嶆墍瀵艰嚧.鍦ㄧ編鍥界殑楂樼戞妧棰嗗煙,鏈嶅姟涓氱粍缁囧伐浜哄弬鍔
銆銆宸ヤ細鍘嗘潵鏈夐毦搴,鐜板湪闅惧害鏇村ぇ.鎵浠ョ編鍥界殑鍔冲伐杩愬姩鍦ㄨ繎骞翠腑闈涓寸潃浼氬憳娴佸け涓
銆銆閲,宸ヤ細缁勭粐鐜囦綆涓嬬殑鐘跺喌,濡傚叕鍏遍儴闂ㄩ泧鍛樼殑缁勭粐鐜囨湁12%,鑰岀佹湁閮ㄩ棬闆囧憳鐨
銆銆缁勭粐鐜囧彧鍙8%.鍦ㄨ繖绉嶆儏鍐典笅,濡備綍鍒舵㈠伐浼氫細鍛樺噺灏戝強澧炲姞褰卞搷鍔涚殑闂棰樹笂鍔宠仈
銆銆-浜ц仈鍐呴儴鍙戠敓浜嗗垎姝,灏ゅ叾鏄鍏堕嗗间汉鎰忚佷笉涓.鍔宠仈-浜ц仈鍏辨湁1300涓囦細鍛,鍦
銆銆缇庡浗鍒堕犱笟琛伴浠ュ墠(鍦1983骞)浠ュ強鍦ㄧ編鍥藉伐浣滃悜鍥藉栬縼绉讳互鍓,缇庡浗宸ヤ細浼氬憳
銆銆鍗犺亴宸ユ绘暟鐨20%.7鍗¤溅鍙告満宸ヤ細鍜屾湇鍔￠泧鍛樺伐浼氳や负鍔宠仈-浜ц仈宸蹭笉鑳戒唬琛ㄤ粬浠
銆銆鐨勫埄鐩,鑰屼笖涔熶笉鑳介傚簲褰撳墠缁忔祹鍏ㄧ悆鍖栫殑鎸戞垬鍙婄編鍥藉姵宸ヨ繍鍔ㄧ殑鍙樺寲.浠栦滑瑕佹眰
銆銆缇庡浗宸ヤ細杩愬姩搴旀妸绮惧姏闆嗕腑鍦ㄧ粍缁囧伐浜哄強鍚堝苟灏忓伐浼氬洟浣撲笂,骞舵寚璐ｅ姵鑱-浜ц仈鎬婚儴
銆銆寮鏀澶澶,鍦ㄦ斂娌绘父璇存柟闈㈡姇鏀捐祫婧愯繃澶,鍙嶅规妸澶ч噺浼氳垂娴璐瑰湪娓歌存斂瀹㈠拰闆囦富
銆銆涓.鐢变簬鍙屾柟鐨勫垎姝ч毦浠ュ讥鍚,鏈嶅姟闆囧憳宸ヤ細鍙婂崱杞﹀徃鏈哄伐浼氱瓑7瀹跺伐浼氭渶缁堜笌鍔宠仈
銆銆-浜ц仈鍒嗛亾鎵闀.
銆銆杩欐″垎瑁傚悗浠嶇暀鍦ㄥ姵鑱-浜ц仈閲岀殑,涓昏佹槸鍒堕犱笟宸ヤ汉鍜屽叕鐢ㄤ簨涓氬伐浜,鑰屽垎
銆銆瑁傚嚭鍘荤殑澶氭槸姘戣惀鏈嶅姟涓氳亴宸.鍔宠仈-浜ц仈鐨勮繖娆″垎瑁備娇鍏惰挋鍙椾簡涓娆￠噸澶ф墦鍑,涔
銆銆鍑忓皯浜嗚ュ伐浼氬规皯涓诲厷鐨勫奖鍝嶅姏.
銆銆浜,"鍙橀潻璋嬭儨鍒"
銆銆灏辩洰鍓嶆潵鐪,浠庡姵鑱-浜ц仈鍒嗚傚嚭鏉ョ殑"鍙橀潻璋嬭儨鍒"灏嗗伐浣滈噸蹇冩斁鍦ㄤ互涓嬫柟
銆銆闈:
銆銆灏嗗湪鍚屼竴琛屼笟涓宸ヤ綔鐨勫伐浜轰滑鑱斿悎璧锋潵.
銆銆鍦ㄥ叏琛屼笟,甯傚満鎴栧窞鐨勮寖鍥村唴鎻愰珮钖閲戝拰绂忓埄鏍囧噯.
銆銆4 Ajit K. Ghose, "Trade Liberalization, Employment and Global Inequality," International Labour Review, Vol. 139,
銆銆No. 3 (2000), p.281.
銆銆5 銆婂瑰弽'鍏ㄧ悆鍖'娴娼鐨勬濊冦,online at http://www.newhorizonmedia.net/detailstory.php iid=15&ot=disc (last
銆銆visited Jan.31, 2005).
銆銆6 International Herald Tribune,September 25, 1997.
銆銆7 "涓らㄥ共鍥浣撴ｅ紡鑴辩诲姵鑱斾骇鑱 涓冨ぇ宸ヤ細鑱旀墜鍙︾珛闂ㄦ埛",online at
銆銆http://www.chinapressusa.com/meiguo/200507260042.htm (last visited Dec.16, 2005).
銆銆涓庣ぞ鍖哄洟浣,瀹㈡埛鍜岀梾鎮ｇ粨鎴愭柊鐨勮仈鐩.
銆銆涓庡叾浠栧浗瀹剁殑鐩稿悓琛屼笟,閫氬父涓虹浉鍚屽叏鐞冩у叕鍙哥殑宸ヤ汉缁撴垚浼欎即鍏崇郴.
銆銆閽堝规垜浠鎵鏈夊眰娆′細鍛樼殑澶氭牱鎬ц繘琛岀浉搴斾慨鏀.
銆銆"鍙橀潻璋嬭儨鍒"浠嶅皢涓庡姵鑱-浜ц仈鍏卞悓宸ヤ綔,浠ヤ究瀵绘眰涓庡叾涓嬪睘鏈烘瀯涓璧炲悓"鍙
銆銆闈╄皨鑳滃埄"鍘熷垯鐨勫伐浼氱粨鎴愪紮浼村叧绯.
銆銆"鍙橀潻璋嬭儨鍒"鐨勬垚鍛樺瑰叾鏈鏉ョ殑鍙戝睍鍏呮弧浜嗕俊蹇,浣滆呮浘鍦11鏈13鏃-24
銆銆鏃ュ嚭璁跨編鍥,璁跨編鏈熼棿浜17-18鏃ュ弬鍔犱簡"鍙橀潻璋嬭儨鍒"鍦ㄦ媺鏂缁村姞鏂鍙寮鐨勪竴娆
銆銆鍏ㄥ浗浠ｈ〃澶т細.澶т細鐨勪腑蹇冭棰樻槸"鎵╁ぇ鎴戜滑鐨勫奖鍝",骞跺湪浼氳鐨勫ｄ紶鍐屽瓙涓婂嵃涓
銆銆浜"'鍙橀潻璋嬭儨鍒'鏄缇庡浗宸ヤ汉鐨勬柊甯屾湜,姊︽兂鎴愮湡"鐨勫彛鍙.
銆銆闅跺睘浜"鍙橀潻璋嬭儨鍒"鐨勬湇鍔￠泧鍛樺伐浼氬師鏉ュ氨灞炰簬鍔宠仈-浜ц仈涓瀹炲姏杈冨己鐨勫伐浼
銆銆缁勭粐.鐢变簬浜屾垬鍚庣編鍥芥湇鍔′笟鐨勫叴璧,浠栦滑浠ｈ〃鐫宸ヤ細鏂板叴鐨勫姏閲,鎵浠ヤ富寮犳妸浼
銆銆璐圭敤浜庢嫑鍕熸柊浼氬憳.杩戝勾鏉ユ湇鍔￠泧鍛樺伐浼氶噰鍙栦簡绉嶇嶆帾鏂芥潵鍙戝睍鑷宸辩殑鍔涢噺,濡傞噸
銆銆瑙嗗湪绉绘皯宸ヤ汉涓鍙戝睍鏂颁細鍛,鍒跺畾浜嗘瘡骞村彂灞曚細鍛樼殑鐩鏍,鍦ㄥ伐浼氶嗗煎眰涓璁炬湁涓
銆銆闂ㄨ礋璐ｅ彂灞曟柊浼氬憳鐨勫伐浣,鍦ㄤ笓鑱岀殑宸ヤ細宸ヤ綔浜哄憳涓璁炬湁缁勭粐鍛(organizers)鏉ュ彂
銆銆灞曟柊浼氬憳绛,缁忚繃鍚勬柟鐨勫姫鍔,鍏朵細鍛樹汉鏁颁笉鏂澧炲姞,宸ヤ細澶勪簬鍙戝睍鐘舵,璺熷姵鑱
銆銆-浜ц仈鍗婁笘绾浠ユ潵鎴愬憳涓嬮檷鐨勮秼鍔跨浉鍙,鎵浠ユ湇鍔￠泧鍛樺伐浼氱殑褰卞搷鍔涜嚜鐒朵細澧炲姞.
銆銆浣嗙敱浜庡姵鑱-浜ц仈杩囨椂鐨勬斂绛,鏈嶅姟闆囧憳宸ヤ細寮濮嬫彁鍑哄叏鐞冪粍寤虹殑鎴樼暐.鍦ㄨ繃鍘
銆銆涓骞村崐鐨勬椂闂撮噷,鏈嶅姟闆囧憳宸ヤ細璁块棶浜嗕竴浜涘浗瀹剁殑宸ヤ細,濡備腑鍥,闊╁浗,鏃ユ湰,宸
銆銆瑗,婢冲ぇ鍒╀簹,闃挎牴寤风瓑,鐩鐨勬槸璁ㄨ哄湪缁忔祹鍏ㄧ悆鍖栫殑鑳屾櫙涓嬪叏鐞冨伐浼氭墍闈涓寸殑闂
銆銆棰,浠ュ绘眰鍏ㄧ悆鍚勫浗宸ヤ細闂寸殑浼欎即鍏崇郴骞跺簲瀵瑰叏鐞冭祫鏈鐨勬寫鎴.姝ゅ,鏈嶅姟闆囧憳宸
銆銆浼氶氳繃绉嶇嶅姫鍔涗娇璇ュ伐浼氬湪缇庡浗鎴愪负鍙戝睍鏈蹇鐨勫伐浼氱粍缁,鑷1996骞翠互鏉,鏈夊皢杩
銆銆90涓囧伐浜哄姞鍏ヤ簡鏈嶅姟闆囧憳宸ヤ細.鐩鍓,瀹冨湪缇庡浗,鍔犳嬁澶у拰娉㈠氶粠鍚勬嫢鏈180涓囧伐
銆銆浜哄拰12涓囬浼戜汉鍛,鍏辨湁300澶氬跺湴鏂瑰垎鏀鏈烘瀯鍜25涓宸炵悊浜嬩細.鍏朵細鍛樹富瑕佹潵
銆銆鑷浠ヤ笅棰嗗煙:淇濆仴鍏虫鈥斺斿尰闄,鎶ょ悊闄,璇婃墍鍜屽跺涵鎶ょ悊宸ヤ綔浜哄憳;鍏鍏辨満鏋勯泧
銆銆鍛樷斺旇仈閭,宸,鍘,甯傜骇瀛︽牎闆囧憳;鎴夸骇鏈嶅姟鈥斺斿煎滀汉,淇濆畨浜哄憳,鐪嬮棬浜,
銆銆鍦熷湴瑙勫垝鍛.鏈嶅姟闆囧憳宸ヤ細鐨勪細鍛樺叿鏈夊箍娉涗唬琛ㄦ,鍏朵細鍛樺ぇ澶氭暟鏄濂虫,绾︽湁20%
銆銆鐨勪細鍛樹负闈炴床瑁旂編鍥戒汉.鏈嶅姟闆囧憳宸ヤ細鎵浠ｈ〃鐨勭Щ姘戝姵宸ョ殑姣斾緥楂樹簬缇庡浗鍏朵粬鐨勫伐
銆銆浼氱粍缁.
銆銆"鍙橀潻璋嬭儨鍒"姝ｅ勫湪鍒涘缓涓涓鑳芥浛浠ｅ姵鑱-浜ц仈鐨勮仈鍚堜細鐨勫垵鏈熼樁娈.缇庡浗鍔
銆銆鑱-浜ц仈鐨勫垎瑁傝〃鏄庣編鍥藉伐浼氭ｅ勫湪涓涓鍙橀潻鐨勫崄瀛楄矾鍙,鏄缁х画宸ヤ細鏃х殑鎴樼暐,杩
銆銆鏄鍍忔湇鍔￠泧鍛樺伐浼氶偅鏍峰仛鍑烘敼闈,浠ラ傚簲缁忔祹鍏ㄧ悆鍖栫殑鎸戞垬,杩欑‘瀹炴槸鎽嗗湪缇庡浗宸
銆銆浼氶潰鍓嶇殑涓涓閫夋嫨.
銆銆(浣滆呭崟浣/涓鍥藉姵鍔ㄥ叧绯诲﹂櫌)
銆銆銆婁笂娴峰伐杩愩2006骞寸2鏈
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銆銆缇庡浗宸ヤ細鐨勪腑鍥藉惎绀
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銆銆2007-1-24 4:17:50 鈻犺儭婀
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Ⅳ 谁能帮我用英文介绍美国200分！！！
The United States of America, usually referred to as the United States, the USA, the U.S. or America, is a constitutional federal republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to its east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait, and the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories, or insular areas, scattered around the Caribbean and Pacific.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km²) and with more than 300 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and third largest by land area and by population. The United States is one of the world's most ethnically diverse nations, the proct of large-scale immigration from many countries.[7] The U.S. economy is the largest national economy in the world, with a nominal 2006 gross domestic proct (GDP) of more than US$13 trillion (over 25% of the world total based on nominal GDP and almost 20% by purchasing power parity).[4][8]
The nation was founded by thirteen colonies of Great Britain located along the Atlantic seaboard. On July 4, 1776, they jointly issued the Declaration of Independence, which officially declared their independence from Great Britain and their formation of a cooperative union as a new nation. The rebellion was organized by the Continental Congress and succeeded in defeating Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War, the first successful colonial war of independence.[9] After briefly being governed by the Articles of Confederation it became clear that a more powerful central government was needed. It was formed after a constitutional convention and the current United States Constitution was adopted on September 17, 1787. The Bill of Rights, comprising ten constitutional amendments that guaranteed many fundamental civil rights and freedoms under the new government, was ratified in 1791.
In the nineteenth century, the United States acquired land from France, Spain, the United Kingdom, Mexico, and Russia, and annexed the Republic of Texas and the Republic of Hawaii. Disputes between the agrarian South and instrial North over states' rights and the expansion of the institution of slavery provoked the American Civil War of the 1860s. The North's victory prevented a permanent split of the country and led to the end of legal slavery in the United States. However, the Jim Crow laws passed after reconstruction allowed racism and inequality to persist.
The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the nation's status as a military power. In 1945, the United States emerged from World War II as the first country with nuclear weapons, a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, and a founding member of NATO. In the post–Cold War era, the United States is the only remaining superpower—accounting for approximately 50% of global military spending—and a dominant economic, political, and cultural force in the world.
History
Main article: History of the United States
Native Americans and European settlers
Main articles: Native Americans in the United States, European colonization of the Americas, and Thirteen Colonies
The indigenous peoples of the U.S. mainland, including Alaska Natives, are thought to have migrated from Asia. They began arriving at least 12,000 and as many as 40,000 years ago.[26] Several indigenous communities in the pre-Columbian era developed advanced agriculture, grand architecture, and state-level societies. In 1492, Genoese explorer Christopher Columbus, under contract to the Spanish crown, reached several Caribbean islands, making first contact with the indigenous population. In the years that followed, the majority of the indigenous American peoples were killed by epidemics of Eurasian diseases.[27]
The Mayflower transported Pilgrims to the New World in 1620, as depicted in William Halsall's The Mayflower in Plymouth Harbor, 1882On April 2, 1513, Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León landed on what he called "La Florida"—the first documented European arrival on what would become the U.S. mainland. Of the colonies Spain established in the region, only St. Augustine, founded in 1565, remains. Later Spanish settlements in the present-day southwestern United States drew thousands through Mexico. French fur traders established outposts of New France around the Great Lakes; France eventually claimed much of the North American interior as far south as the Gulf of Mexico. The first successful English settlements were the Virginia Colony in Jamestown in 1607 and the Pilgrims' Plymouth Colony in 1620. The 1628 chartering of the Massachusetts Bay Colony resulted in a wave of migration; by 1634, New England had been settled by some 10,000 Puritans. Between the late 1610s and the American Revolution, an estimated 50,000 convicts were shipped to England's, and later Great Britain's, American colonies.[28] Beginning in 1614, the Dutch established settlements along the lower Hudson River, including New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island. The small settlement of New Sweden, founded along the Delaware River in 1638, was taken over by the Dutch in 1655.
By 1674, English forces had won the former Dutch colonies in the Anglo–Dutch Wars; the province of New Netherland was renamed New York. Many new immigrants, especially to the South, were indentured servants—some two-thirds of all Virginia immigrants between 1630 and 1680.[29] By the turn of the century, African slaves were becoming the primary source of bonded labor. With the 1729 division of the Carolinas and the 1732 colonization of Georgia, the thirteen British colonies that would become the United States of America were established. All had active local and colonial governments with elections open to most free men, with a growing devotion to the ancient rights of Englishmen and a sense of self government that stimulated support for republicanism. All had legalized the African slave trade. With high birth rates, low death rates, and steady immigration, the colonies doubled in population every twenty-five years. The Christian revivalist movement of the 1730s and 1740s known as the Great Awakening fueled interest in both religion and religious liberty. In the French and Indian War, British forces seized Canada from the French, but the francophone population remained politically isolated from the southern colonies. By 1770, those thirteen colonies had an increasingly Anglicized population of three million, approximately half that of Britain. Though subject to British taxation, they were given no representation in the Parliament of Great Britain.
History
Main article: History of the United States
Native Americans and European settlers
Main articles: Native Americans in the United States, European colonization of the Americas, and Thirteen Colonies
The indigenous peoples of the U.S. mainland, including Alaska Natives, are thought to have migrated from Asia. They began arriving at least 12,000 and as many as 40,000 years ago.[26] Several indigenous communities in the pre-Columbian era developed advanced agriculture, grand architecture, and state-level societies. In 1492, Genoese explorer Christopher Columbus, under contract to the Spanish crown, reached several Caribbean islands, making first contact with the indigenous population. In the years that followed, the majority of the indigenous American peoples were killed by epidemics of Eurasian diseases.[27]
The Mayflower transported Pilgrims to the New World in 1620, as depicted in William Halsall's The Mayflower in Plymouth Harbor, 1882On April 2, 1513, Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León landed on what he called "La Florida"—the first documented European arrival on what would become the U.S. mainland. Of the colonies Spain established in the region, only St. Augustine, founded in 1565, remains. Later Spanish settlements in the present-day southwestern United States drew thousands through Mexico. French fur traders established outposts of New France around the Great Lakes; France eventually claimed much of the North American interior as far south as the Gulf of Mexico. The first successful English settlements were the Virginia Colony in Jamestown in 1607 and the Pilgrims' Plymouth Colony in 1620. The 1628 chartering of the Massachusetts Bay Colony resulted in a wave of migration; by 1634, New England had been settled by some 10,000 Puritans. Between the late 1610s and the American Revolution, an estimated 50,000 convicts were shipped to England's, and later Great Britain's, American colonies.[28] Beginning in 1614, the Dutch established settlements along the lower Hudson River, including New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island. The small settlement of New Sweden, founded along the Delaware River in 1638, was taken over by the Dutch in 1655.
By 1674, English forces had won the former Dutch colonies in the Anglo–Dutch Wars; the province of New Netherland was renamed New York. Many new immigrants, especially to the South, were indentured servants—some two-thirds of all Virginia immigrants between 1630 and 1680.[29] By the turn of the century, African slaves were becoming the primary source of bonded labor. With the 1729 division of the Carolinas and the 1732 colonization of Georgia, the thirteen British colonies that would become the United States of America were established. All had active local and colonial governments with elections open to most free men, with a growing devotion to the ancient rights of Englishmen and a sense of self government that stimulated support for republicanism. All had legalized the African slave trade. With high birth rates, low death rates, and steady immigration, the colonies doubled in population every twenty-five years. The Christian revivalist movement of the 1730s and 1740s known as the Great Awakening fueled interest in both religion and religious liberty. In the French and Indian War, British forces seized Canada from the French, but the francophone population remained politically isolated from the southern colonies. By 1770, those thirteen colonies had an increasingly Anglicized population of three million, approximately half that of Britain. Though subject to British taxation, they were given no representation in the Parliament of Great Britain.
Food
Main article: Cuisine of the United States
American cultural icons: apple pie, baseball, and the American flagMainstream American culinary arts are similar to those in other Western countries. Wheat is the primary cereal grain. Traditional American cuisine uses ingredients such as turkey, white-tailed deer venison, potatoes, sweet potatoes, corn, squash, and maple syrup, indigenous foods employed by Native Americans and early European settlers. Slow-cooked pork and beef barbecue, crab cakes, potato chips, and chocolate chip cookies are distinctively American styles. Soul food, developed by African slaves, is popular around the South and among many African Americans elsewhere. Syncretic cuisines such as Louisiana creole, Cajun, and Tex-Mex are regionally important. Characteristic dishes such as apple pie, fried chicken, pizza, hamburgers, and hot dogs derive from the recipes of various immigrants. French fries, Mexican dishes such as burritos and tacos, and pasta dishes freely adapted from Italian sources are widely consumed.[218] Americans generally prefer coffee to tea. Marketing by U.S. instries is largely responsible for making orange juice and milk ubiquitous breakfast beverages.[219] During the 1980s and 1990s, Americans' caloric intake rose 24%;[218] frequent dining at fast food outlets is associated with what health officials call the American "obesity epidemic." Highly sweetened soft drinks are widely popular; sugared beverages account for 9% of the average American's caloric intake